English and English Literature Coursework Dubliners Essay

â€Å"These stories are all about escape and how characters are unable to escape.† In the light of this quotation, I am going to discuss Dubliners, with close detailed reference to two of the stories, â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Boarding House.† There are many similarities between these two stories, as well as contrasts. In â€Å"Eveline,† her father is a drunkard and is also the head of the house, whereas in â€Å"The Boarding House,† Polly’s father, â€Å"was a shabby stooped little drunkard† who lives separated from his family. Polly’s father has been cut-off from her life, and Eveline’s mother is dead. The similarity here, is that each child has had one of their parent’s cut off from a period of their life. Eveline wants to escape to Buenos Aires, to get away from her poverty in Dublin. Mr Doran wants to escape from the prospect of marriage. This brings us to one of the main points of the book, the characters inability to escape. Eveline has been given the chance to escape from her life, where â€Å"she had to work hard both in the house and at business.† Poor Eveline, however, finds that she is unable to move forward. She lacks the courage and strength to make that leap that will free her of her oppressive situation. . She’s sees her lover as a possible source of danger: â€Å"All the seas of the world tumbled about her heart. He was drawing her into them: he would drown her.† Instead of an uncertain but hopeful future, her paralysis will make a certain and dismal future that may well repeat her mother’s sad life story. In Mr Doran’s case, the theme of powerlessness is conveyed his situation. As with many other characters in Dubliners, various social pressures, like his job and his reputation, combine to rob him of choice. Mrs Mooney wants her daughter to escape her current poverty and the possibility of a working life for marriage, while Mr Doran wants to escape the tying down of marriage and enjoy his ‘free’ life. Mr Doran nonetheless cannot escape. At the end of â€Å"The Boarding House†, â€Å"Mrs Mooney tells Polly, â€Å"Come down, dear. Mr Doran wants to speak to you.† The reader is struck by the tremendous irony of the situation, since it is clear that Mr Doran does not really want to speak to Polly. He has been bullied and terrified into proposing marriage to her. These simple words are the hallmark of Mrs Mooney’s accomplishment. Frank wants to take Eveline away, but Eveline is unsure. â€Å"It was hard work-a hard life-but now that she was about to leave it she did not find to a wholly undesirable life.† Polly wants to settle with Mr Doran, but Mr Doran is unsure, however he does not have a choice: â€Å"What could he do now but marry her or run away? He could not brazen it out.† Mr Doran has the choice to run away, but this is not an option for â€Å"Dublin is such a small city: everyone knows everyone else’s business.† Both Frank and Mr Doran can be seen as saving the two girls from poverty. Mr Doran and Eveline are both described as helpless. Mr Doran himself says, â€Å"I felt helpless,† while Eveline is described as â€Å"passive like a helpless animal.† At the end of each story, an iron railing is mentioned. Eveline â€Å"gripped with both hands at the iron railings,† using them as an anchor, preventing her from drowning into the seas of the world. The railings help Eveline think of thoughts which keep her from leaving. Polly uses the iron railings as an anchor to clear her thoughts. â€Å"There was no longer any perturbation visible on her face.† Both Mr Doran and Eveline feel that it is their duty to stay and face the consequences. Mr Doran â€Å"longed to ascend through the roof and fly away†¦ yet a force pushed him downstairs step by step.† Eveline finds that she is paralysed by the needs of her father and her promise to her mother â€Å"to keep the home together as long as she could.† â€Å"Eveline† starts a series of stories dealing with various kinds of marriage and courtship. In â€Å"Eveline,† marriage presents the possibility of escape. â€Å"The Boarding House† gives us marriage as a social convention and a trap. â€Å"Two Gallants† reduces marriage and courtship to its animal. â€Å"Two Gallants† gave us men taking advantage of a young woman. â€Å"The Boarding House† gives us a more respectable social setting, but the basic cynicism about love and relationships between the genders remains. The economic conditions are also expressed in â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Boarding House†. To save money in â€Å"The Boarding House,† pieces of broken bread are collected to help make Tuesday’s bread-pudding. The sugar and butter is kept safe under lock and key.† In â€Å"Eveline,† there is an â€Å"invariable squabble for money on Saturday nights.† Eveline’s dead mum controls her while Mr Doran is controlled by Mrs Mooney. Mrs Mooney and Eveline’s mum are both very different people in the sense that Mrs Mooney is strong and independent and Eveline’s mum is weak and dependent. Eveline’s love for Frank leads her to escape whereas Mr Doran’s love for Polly leads him to confine his life with marriage. Eveline is forced into making her decision to stay by duty to her family. Mr Doran has put himself into his situation and it driven further by Mrs Mooney. Both Eveline and Mr Doran have occupational restrictions. Mr Doran â€Å"had been employed for thirteen years in a great Catholic wine-merchant’s office and publicity would mean the loss of his sit.† All his hard work would be gone for nothing. Eveline, however, is oppressed by her employer and â€Å"would not cry many tears at leaving the Stores.† One of the striking elements of â€Å"The Boarding House† is Mrs Mooney’s silence. Her daughter’s respect is not really a concern, because she knows about the affair from the start. What matters to her is trading on her feigned outrage to get a social arrangement that will benefit her daughter. Mrs Mooney manipulates the weaker Mr Doran, using his concern for his job and his fear of scandal. The story concludes with the fact that Mr Doran has spoken to Mrs Mooney and now wants to speak to Polly. This probably suggests a proposal of marriage, and the trap is implied in the final line: â€Å"Then she remembered what she had been waiting for.† Marriage is the price which Doran must pay in order to keep his job, since â€Å"Dublin is such a small city: everyone knows everyone else’s business† The stages-of-life structure continues in â€Å"Eveline†. In previous stories like â€Å"The Sisters† and â€Å"Araby†, children had been main characters. Eveline is an adult, a young woman old enough to get married. Joyce gives us the terrible poverty and pressure of her situation. The weight of poverty and family responsibilities bear down on this young woman heavily and her financial situation is far worse than that of the three boy narrators of the previous stories. She is trapped in an ugly situation, responsible for her siblings and the aging father who abuses her. In conclusion, it can be said that Joyce presents the themes of escape and paralysis in Dubliners. They show how Joyce sees the city of Dublin.

One scene one and two of the play? Essay

   Another place where Shakespeare has provided the ability to modify mood, is during 1:2 : Anne: ‘And thou unfit for anyplace but hell! ‘ Richard: ‘Yes, one place else, if you let me name it. ‘ Anne: ‘Some dungeon’. Richard: ‘Your bed-chamber’ (lines 109 – 112 inclusive) Shakespeare is creating a new mood on the stage by the event order. He has written it in such a way that the audience can become intrigued by what has happened, and feel characters emotions themselves. He manages to alter mood on stage with just a single sentence if need be. For example, during lines 1 : ii : 109 – 112 Shakespeare has changed the mood from arguing, distraught and anger to a small period of humour. Also in giving him different roles, Richard can succeed in his plans, and manipulate Anne. Richard plays with Anne’s emotions and can be persuasive by flattering her greatly. He is also manipulative to Clarence: †Tis not the King that sends you to the tower My Lady Grey his wife, Clarence – ’tis she’ (lines 63 + 64) Richard is turning Clarence against the queen. He wants to be the last person Clarence suspects of sending him to tower. Shakespeare has written a lot of parts in the play incredibly skilfully and used a personal style of writing (Similar techniques are used throughout his plays, and are notable here. They were especially unique to him). Richard has one last word with Clarence, and promises to get him released. Act One scene two opens with Lady Anne standing next to King Henry VI’s coffin, who was her father in law, but was murdered by Richard before the play started. Anne speaks a long soliloquy of similar length to that of Richard’s at the beginning of the play while weeping. ‘Cursed be the hands that caused these fatal holes! Cursed the heart that had the heart to do it! Cursed the blood that let this blood from hence! ‘ (line 14 – 16 inclusive) Anne is distraught with what has happened and screams upon the murderer. When she curses the blood, she is referring to Richard’s family as a whole, and the rest of the curses, are for Richard himself. It is a very important part in the soliloquy and adds mood to the speech. Shakespeare also uses repetition and imagery to great effect. The audience can really feel strong emotions spoken by characters. Anne says the word ‘wounds’ many times referring to the gashes in King Henry’s body. At one point Anne uses the word windows instead of wounds. This is a simile where she is saying that she is looking into the gashes. She feels that by looking through what are the windows of King Henry, she is looking into the truth behind his murder. Richard enters the scene, and Anne compares him to the devil. Shakespeare shows Richard as a strong, confident, brave man at this point. He is not affected by those he has hurt. ‘O, gentlemen, see, see! Dead Henry’s wounds Open their congealed mouths and bleed afresh! Blush, blush, thou lump of deformity, For ’tis thy presence that exhales this blood† (line 65 – 68 inclusive) Shakespeare creates another play on words, where Richard questions Anne’s foul mouth and she replies exclaiming that he is a villain. Richard introduces compliments, comparing Anne to an angel and she responds consistently with insults. Richard tells Anne to take up his sword and to kill him for his crimes, but she cannot kill him. He says to her: ‘Take up the sword again, or take up me. ‘ (line 184) Despite her prejudice against him, Anne is slowly won over by his pleas and agrees to marry him. Richard’s supreme skill in the art of insincere flattery has won him Anne. When she leaves the stage, Richard feels triumphent about his success in wooing her, but reveals that he will soon be rid of her. In this soliloquy, he reflects back on his evil actions as well as how well everything is going. Shakespeare has revealed to the audience that he can be incredibly persuasive and manipulative that he has succeeded in his task, and is becoming very evil. Shakespeare’s plays were of course not intended to be historically accurate but were designed for entertainment and maximum dramatic affect. In Richard III Shakespeare alters, and adds to the audience’s perception and opinion of Richard using language and by changing historical facts. Richard III has always been one of his most popular plays and, since its earliest performances, great actors have leaped at the chance to play the scheming murderous tyrant. Throughout the play, Richard and many others, call attention to what he himself terms his ‘deformity’. In Shakespearean times, people believed that being ugly was a reflection of a sinful evil nature, or perhaps a punishment for past wrong doings. Richard III didn’t actually have a hunchback or withered arm. But this is not the only historical reference that has been changed. Shakespeare compresses time to suit the play’s performance. To achieve dramatic intensity he made all kinds of alterations and additions. For example, Henry VI’s funeral actually occurred seven years before Clarence’s imprisonment; and Shakespeare invented Richard’s wooing of Anne. Condensing time, and changing details helps the play to ‘flow’. It provides a smoother front to the story, and also allows Shakespeare to write as he pleases. Language was another key ingredient which Shakespeare used to give Richard different personas at different times in the play. Most commonly: during 1:i and 1:ii, Richard could appear to be two different types of people, the villain, or the hero. He uses many metaphors and similes in his plays as they are often clever comparisons or a good way of revealing character’s emotions and events. Word play, and special uses of language including dramatic irony, and dramatic intensity were used. Using cleverly laid out language Shakespeare could easily alter moods and opinions of characters in the play. In this way, Shakespeare has successfully shaped the audience’s perception of Richard which also alters their perceptions of the play itself. Henry Hayhurst-France Coursework Essay: Richard III 10B Draft Version Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Richard III section.

African Politics - Aid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

African Politics - Aid - Essay Example Aid was started in Africa in order to facilitate development projects after colonialism. Colonialism had impoverished African countries and the western nations came in with the concept of aid to assist. The intentions were pure and there was initially no agenda behind the money being provided. As Michelle (2013) stipulates in the journal article, there were big development ideas that were to be funded by the aid money but what lacked is the technical expertise. Aid was to be used in various developmental areas such as education, health, infrastructural development among others. Education is the baseline of every country whether developed or developing. It is therefore in the best interest of every nation to have its entire people educated if it is to have developments in the future and use it to enhance their livelihoods. Africa has been left behind for decades on the issue of access to education and this has led to aid being given and debt accrued in the need to educate their public. The dire need to raise the education standards led to need to borrow money from the Bretton Woods institutions such as the World Bank in order to complete the project. The project ended up consuming more and having no much return benefits to the intended public and a debt accrued. Drazen, (2002) explains how debts from the aid continued to increase with no hopes of them being paid back especially with the oil crises which led to an increase in food prices as well as the deplorable conditions in these African nations that have led to an increase in poverty. The Bretton Woods institutions together with the western countries that supplied the money for the aid came up with the concept of structural adjustment programs as the condition for being granted the aid. The African leaders desperate for the money went along with this program that saw massive layoffs and retrenchments taking place in the public sector. The structural programs were

Risk management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Risk management - Assignment Example This explains the movement of chemicals in water. The Batch test is used to measure the coefficient distribution whereas soil is given in the solution sections. The procedure shows that it needs to be shaken for a time of 24-48 hours so that the amount absorbed in the soil can be identified. The different factors affecting the content include the following; salinity, organic content, chemical concentration on species and finally the pH with redox potential (Briand, 2010). According to the given scenario, saltwater encroachment of aquifers, because of anthropogenic contaminants changes the quality of water with its ecological water status as in the wells. Additionally, chemical pathogens with discoloration like calcium, sodium, iron and manganese are present. Water in most of the wells changes the color, the taste or even the odor because of chemical spills on the ground. Nevertheless, a high level of chloride can be witnessed on wells and contaminated water (Briand, 2010). It shows itself at the surface of the water wells with numerous numbers of the bacteria inside. The side effects to the infants drinking the contaminated water can experience diarrheal illness from the contaminated water, disorders in respiratory, frequent vomiting, parasitemia diseases, and coma. In addition, the children can acquire various infections from the contaminated soil grounds like cutaneous, hookworms and ascariasis. Infants should be highly protected from the above

Is it safe to keep wild animals as pets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Is it safe to keep wild animals as pets - Essay Example Definition of pets, broad and can include wild animals (Steiger, 2006). Difference between wild animals and domestic pets: wild animals not suitable for human companionship, domestic animals are (Caesar, 2009). Statistics of injuries and mauling and the spread of disease by wild animals indicate that keeping wild animals as pets is intrinsically dangerous (Animal Legal & Historical Center, 2004; Define pets and wild animals. Wild animals cannot be domesticated and turned in to human companions, pets can be domesticated and converted to human companions (Caesar, 2009). Capture stats from Captive Wild Animal Protection Coalition and Euro Group for Animals. Extreme utilitarianism argue that it is ethical to keep wild animals as pets: animals are inferior to human beings, we already exploit them for food and for education. Moreover, keeping wild animals as pets improves the quality of their lives (Kreger & Hutchins, 2010). Rudy (2011) makes a compelling case for keeping wild animals as pets: the exploitation of the wild, animals are better off learning to live with human beings. Some wild animals have demonstrated adaptability (Rudy 2011). Perkins (2003) argues that keeping wild animals as pets can be a good thing: looks at the definition of pets and how keeping wild animals as pets can turn them into traditional concepts of pets as human companions. Mankind has a history of wanting to own and cultivate wild animals and this may be a trait inherited from our ancestors who were hunters (Bell, 2001). History informs that mankind has a tendency to rescue and rehabilitate wild animals. Amid much debate and controversy over the ethics and dangers of keeping wild animals as pets, people are known to keep wild animals in their homes as pets (Bell, 2001). The debate over the dangers and ethics of keeping wild animals as pets is represented by two philosophical perspectives. On the one hand, abolitionists take the position that cite

Effects of the Riots on the Families Research Paper

Effects of the Riots on the Families - Research Paper Example While many people feel that riots create physical damage to the society, some people confess to suffer psychologically many years after the incident. Sometimes street riots lead to physical injury or death (Ulin 756). Innocently walking pedestrian plunged into a rioting mob. This person has no idea what caused the riot, what the rioters demand or when will the rioting end. The pedestrian has to accept his situation by joining the mob or face lynch from them. On the other end, anti riot police would be chasing the rioting mob in the streets. It is unfortunate that the pedestrian found in the rioting mix would register a bullet wound from police who are resisting their move. The situation suddenly condemns the family of the pedestrian to doom. The breadwinner can no longer support the family because of his inability to perform tasks, which generated income to the family. The situation of that family moves from a bad condition to a worst condition because the pedestrian could not surviv e to help the family out of its difficulties. It is hard to believe sudden twist of events in ones life. A family might not believe the sudden lose of person they loved. Thinking about the last moment shared rekindles sweet memories in life and then bitter regrets about the events that led to death (Hillsbery 56). Family members of the pedestrians have to accept the ugly truth that they have lost the person they loved. Thinking too much about certain condition may lead to mental problems. Some people show attribute of withdrawal from societal activities because they feel that life cannot be that cruel. Several factors may instigate behavior change in a family. Different people respond differently to situations they face. A condition that led to death of a family member might influence other members positively or negatively. For instance, failure to accept death may make a family member to show repulsive characteristics to occurrences in the society. Street families face difficult si tuation during riots. A riot displaces street families from their normal activities (Smith 212). When a street riot occur no one know where to run to, or what items to save or leave. The state of confusion would culminate in lose of property or injury. Life is precious to every human being; however, some conditions make life meaningless. Losing a property that a person has struggled to acquire for many years is an experience that a person may not forget. Many people have confessed that they have failed to face such situations, which occur after a riot. They are unable to believe that their world had crumpled after a short duration. How does a person start building a business firm that he built for ten or fifteen years? The thought of starting from grass is difficult to comprehend and it might remain to haunt an individual for the better part of his life. Sometimes police quelling riots succeed in arresting rioting individuals. The sentences preferred against that individual would in fluence the family of this individual because the family will have to accept that the individual is no longer a good person but a criminal. Families break because partners in those families have failed to yield to a common interest. It is difficult to admit that a trusted partner is among hooligans in the streets. Some people find it hard to accept rejection associated with humiliating effects of riots and end up committing

The Benefits Of The Website Of National Institute Of Mental Health Essay

The Benefits Of The Website Of National Institute Of Mental Health - Essay Example This website has considered all those factors and thus provides the email address, telephone number and even a live chat handle, where a member of the general public can directly chat with Ayuda en Vivo, who is available on weekdays at 8:30 am to 5:00 in the evening. In addition to this, there is a hotline that is toll-free and a fax number, catering for both English and Spanish speakers. For effective evaluation of the site, a Cornell University’s criteria of website evaluation will be employed. Aspects like the accuracy will be tested to bring out the purpose of the website and show whether the author has provided enough details to reach him or her. Another aspect will be the authority of the web documents which checks where the document was produced and the credentials of the author. Finally, the objectivity of the web documents will be examined to test the particular goals and objectives of the site. Evaluation of this website will be based on the criteria of accuracy, aut hority, objectivity, and coverage to test its effectiveness and relevance to the general public. This website provides information on a unique type of illness, mental illness. Facilities providing treatment of these disorders are few; thus, there is dire need to provide enough information about their existence. This website has accurately done this by providing a mental health treatment locator, in addition to clear details of their offices and areas of specialisation, which are anxiety disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), Bipolar Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), and Schizophrenia among other mental illnesses as well as HIV/AIDS. The authors, who are officials in the U.S department of health and human sciences, exhaustively provide all the necessary data needed by the consumers, who are the general public.

Starbucks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Starbucks - Research Paper Example SQC is divided into descriptive statistics, Statistical Process Control (SPC), and acceptance sampling (Reid & Sanders 2011). In the case of Starbucks the most appropriate statistical method is SPC which is used to determine whether an operation or a process is running as it should or not. The quality characteristics of the service will be monitored by SPC so as to determine any discrepancies in the processes that will impact the quality of the service. Also, it will measure the present quality of the service. The process involves the setting up of an upper and lower control limits and the inspection of a random sample. The sample is then measured for the specific characteristics. A process is said to be â€Å"out of control† if its average value of the characteristic is greater than the upper limit or smaller than the lower limit. The identification of variations by SPC allows the determination of causes due to which the processes is not functioning as required. These variati ons are not built-in but are caused due to various circumstances. Some variations might include turnaround time, cycle time, takt time, the taste and aroma of coffee, declination in sales of a particular product and so on. ... Keeping the changing demands of the environment, the available technology, and the skills and abilities of the workers in consideration, jobs should be designed such that it enhances employee motivation (Robbins & Coulter 2012). Starbucks’ operation involves diverse job characteristics. Its employees play a significant role in the completion of tasks and are therefore the most important resource for the organization. The process of a Starbucks coffee starts from the farmers who grow the beans. Next, the bean selection is done carefully to keep consistency in taste and quality. Then these beans are transferred to roasters where these beans are roasted to enhance its flavor. Finally the coffee arrives at the counter where the barista serves coffee to its customers. The tasks at each stage involve a wide skill variety and task identity. Its retail jobs include a regional manager, after which comes district manager, then a store manager, assistant store manager, shift supervisors, and baristas. Employees are able to gain knowledge as a result of feedback provided about their performance which provides a way to evaluate their performance. One feature of a Starbucks barista is that they are trained to prepare the different beverages that are sold. This allows Starbucks to get an economical advantage as it allows it to sell the coffees at a lower price. However, the choice of drinks may be limited. The 24 hour service provided by Starbucks outlets also provide them with an advantage as customers might want to drink coffee at anytime. Its work design has enabled it to manage numerous stores at various locations thereby allowing market dominance in the sector. However, competitors are emerging which is why Starbucks needs

Management Information system (journal) Research Paper - 1

Management Information system (journal) - Research Paper Example Communication, however, can be based on wire basel or wireless, whereby wire basel includes coaxial, fiber optic and twisted pairs, while wireless includes sat., mic., cell phone, radio. In networking, protocol includes TCP, HTTP, Bluetooth and USB. System development, on the other hand, can either be long term or short term depending on the nature of the project. In developing a system, there are certain steps that must be followed for it to be a success. The foremost step is the formation of a team that will go through the whole process. This step is then followed by system analysis followed by a feasibility study, a study which analyzes the practicability of the project in various capacities. System design then follows next, which includes buy, lease, outsource and build. This is closely followed by a significant step of coding and testing. User stage then follows whereby the system is tested, documented, training conducted and implementation plan developed. Lastly, operation maintenance and audit comes into play, which marks the last stage of system

Ethical presentation PowerPoint Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethical - PowerPoint Presentation Example b. Starbucks Mission To inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup andone neighborhoodat a time (Starbucks b) c. Product range Starbucks offers a range of exceptional products that customers enjoy in their stores, at home, and on the go. Among these products are; Coffee with more than 30 blends and single?origin premium coffees. Handcrafted beverages of fresh?brewedcoffee, hot and iced espresso beverages, Frappuccino ®coffee and non?coffee blendedbeverages, smoothies andTazo ®teas. Coffee?  andtea?brewing equipment, mugs and accessories, packagedgoods,music, books and gifts. FreshFood baked pastries, sandwiches, salads, oatmeal, yogurt parfaits and fruit cups (Starbucks b). II. Position on ethical matters a. People – people are the most important asset in an organization. In Starbucks, the importance of its people are elevated in treating them as partners and implementing labour practices that is consistent with Starbucks Global Human Rights Standa rd where Starbucks promotes equal opportunity in its hiring practices, makes recruiting decisions based solely on job-related criteria and does not use forced labor. To quote Starbucks; â€Å"We respect diversity in each other, our customers and suppliers and all others with whom we interact.† Starbucks offers comprehensive healthcoverage for eligible full?  and part?time partners and equity in the company through Bean Stock as its expression of treating employees as partners (Starbucks a). b. Ethical Sourcing – Starbucks takes a holistic approach to ethically sourcing the highest quality coffee. Their purchasing decisions includes supporting farmer loans and forest conservation programs to areas where they buy their coffee. Through this ethical purchasing practice, Starbucks is able to help foster a betterfuture for farmers and help create a more stable climate forthe planet. In the business aspect, this ethical practice also helps to provide the company a long?term supply ofthe high?quality beans it has been offering to its customers (Starbucks d). c. EnvironmentalStewardship – Starbucks share their customers' commitment to the environment. One of its core values is the belief in the importance of caringfor our planet and encouraging others to do the same. It envisions that by 2015, all of its cups will be made up of reusable or recyclable materials. It also endeavors to significantly reduce its environmental footprint through energy and water conservation efforts, recycling and green construction (Starbucks d). d. Community Involvement – Starbucks endeavors to be a socially responsible member of its community wherever it may conduct business. From the neighborhoods where its stores are located to the ones where its coffee is grown –Starbucks believe in fostering thriving communities. Bringing people together, inspiring change andmakinga difference in people’s lives – it’s allpart of being a good neig hbor. Also, it aims to contribute one million hours each year to the communities in 2015 (Starbucks c). Enforcement of Starbucks ethical standard Starbucks implement a zero tolerance compliance to its ethical standards. Any suppliers who fail to adhere to Starbucks their ethical practices are discontinued from doing business with the company. During an audit of its suppliers in 2011, the assessment found that 38 out of 129 factories failed their zero-tolerance standards. Subsequently, 26 of these businesses were discontinued and 14 were able to resume business with Starbucks after a

Quality requirements on Barley for beer production Essay Example for Free

Quality requirements on Barley for beer production Essay From the preceding chapter it should be obvious that quality of the product i. e. Beer has to depend on the quality of the prime raw material i. e. Barley besides the other processing factors. The quality guidelines for barley for beer production are issued by concerned agencies and many times the brewer itself. These specifications are not universal and vary from one country to other primarily due to changes in malting / brewing practices and to some extent due to prevailing legislation. Here we will look at the specifications prevalent in Europe and in USA. Accepted malting barley varieties have to modify evenly and produce finished malt whose properties lie within the brewers specifications. The malt quality of a given barley variety is determined by its genetic background and the physical conditions during growth, harvest and storage. Malting quality has to be tested in micro-, pilot- and industrial malting trials, and brewing trials also in pilot and production scale. The quality specifications on barley for production of malt prevalent in Europe are listed below: †¢ Germination % min. 97% after 3 days †¢ Germination index min. 6. 0 †¢ Water content 12. 0 %, max. 13. 0 % †¢ Protein content 9,0 % and 11,5 % †¢ Grading min. 90 % 2. 5 mm. †¢ ? -glucan content max. 4 % †¢ Micro-organisms below a set level. †¢ Pesticide residues according to national law †¢ Ochratoxin according to national law †¢ Aflatoxin according to national law †¢ Variety purity min. 99 % Before a new barley variety can be accepted for the production of mal, it needs to be generally accepted by farmers for cultivation. The harvested crop must meet the barley specifications, give a malt quality within the actual specifications, and be trouble free in the brew house and fermentation-processes and give a beer quality with good taste and taste stability. Varieties are tested in micro-, pilot- and production scale malting and go through production brewing trials. The preliminary acceptance is dependent on all the test results. Full acceptance is reached when 1000 ton malt has been used in brewing with a high quality commercial brewing performance. Some barley varieties, which are the basis for malt used in Carlsberg products, are Aspen, Alexis, Alfa, Alliot, Amulet, Angora, Ariel, Arapiles, Akcent etc. In USA, the specifications on the barley for malting are issued by American Malting Barley Association (AMBA). The specifications are presented in the table below []: Barley Factors Two-Row Barley Six-Row Baley Plump Kernel (on 6/64) 90% 80% Thin Kernel (below 5/64) 3% 3% Germination (4 ml 72 hrs GE) 98% 98% Protein 11. 0-13. 0% 11. 5-13. 5% Skinned Broken Kernels 5% 5% Malt Factors Total Protein 10. 8-12. 8% 11. 3-13. 3% On 7/64 screen 70% 60% Measures of Malt Modification Beta-Glucan (ppm) 100 120 F/C Difference 1. 2 1. 2 Soluble/Total Protein 40-47% 42-47% Turbidity (NTU) 10 10 Viscosity (absolute cp) 1. 5% 1. 5% Congress Wort Soluble Protein 4. 4-5. 6% 5. 2-5. 7% Extract (FG db) 81% 79. 0% Color (% ASBC) 1. 6-2. 2 1. 8-22 FAN 180 190 Malt Enzymes Diastatic Power (% ASBC) 120 140 Alpha Amylase (DU) 45 45. Table 4: Specifications for malt barley as issued by The American Malting Barley Association (AMBA) (ambainc. org) Besides, following general specifications should also be met by the barley: (a) It should mature rapidly, break dormancy quickly without pregermination and germinate uniformly. (b) Hull should be thin, shiny and should adhere well with the plump during harvesting, cleaning and malting. (c) It should exhibit well balanced malting in conventional malting schedule with four day germination and (d) Malted barley must provide desired beer flavor.

Payroll System Essay Example for Free

Payroll System Essay Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Nowadays all establishment are becoming modernized, they use modern technologies to make their transaction fast, easy, and accurate in order to avoid waste of time and for the sake of safety and security. It also helps human to solve and understand complex problem and analysis such us the computational need of humans. Especially to business establishment or corporation processing enormous data and complex transaction. Payroll is an example of a complex transaction because it is a critical business operation dealing with numerous accounts and produce plenty and confidential files. Payroll is encompasses every employee of a company who receives a regular wages or other compensation due to each. In a company, payroll is the sum of all financial records of salaries for an employee, wages, bonuses and deductions. In accounting, payroll refers to the amount paid to employees for services they provided during a certain period of time. Payroll plays a major role in a company for several reasons. From an accounting perspective, payroll is crucial because payroll and payroll taxes considerably affect the net income of most companies and they are subject to laws and regulations (e.g. in the US payroll is subject to federal and state regulations). From an ethics in business viewpoint payroll is a critical department as employees are responsive to payroll errors and irregularities: good employee morale requires payroll to be paid timely and accurately. The primary mission of the payroll department is to ensure that all employees are paid accurately and timely with the correct withholdings and deductions, and to ensure the withholdings and deductions are remitted in a timely manner. This includes salary payments, tax withholdings, and deductions from a paycheck. Companies typically generate their payrolls at regular intervals, for the benefit of regular income to their employees. The regularity of the intervals varies from company to company, and sometimes between job grades within a given company. Common payroll frequencies include: daily, weekly, bi- weekly (once every two weeks), semi-monthly (twice per month), and to a somewhat lesser extent, monthly. Less common payroll frequencies include: 4-weekly (13 times per year), bi-monthly (once every two months), quarterly  (ones every 13 weeks), semi-annually (twice per year), and annually. Payroll Systems reduces employer costs, liability, and administrative burden through integrated solutions. Advantages include: Flexible and comprehensive solutions that organize, integrate, and simplify complex business processes Liability reduction through diligent compliance systems, support, and oversight Accurate and reliable processing and reporting Secure data management and transactions Applying manual procedure on a Payroll transaction involving the vast beat answer in that problem would be computer because computers can simulate enormous data and can process complex transaction in a fast and efficient way. It can generate numerous accounts and data accurately. A Computerized Payroll System will not only provide accurate calculation and fast process of Payroll transaction but it will secure data through security implementation and accordingly arrange files provided by a well-designed database that will produce a paperless environment. The municipality of Sta. Josefa was created on March 1, 1965 under Republic Act. No. 1515. The municipality, as a political and corporate body, is mandated to ensure and support the preservation and enrichment of culture, promote health and safety, enhance the right of the people to a balanced ecology, encourage and support the development of appropriate and self- reliant and technological capabilities, improve public morals, enhance economic prosperity and social justice, maintain peace and order, and preserve the comfort and convenience of its people. Sta. Josefa’s primary vision is to grow as a prosperous and progressive agri-industrial municipality wherein people live peacefully in a just-clean and ecologically balance and God-loving community. Her mission is to promote genuine and active peoples participation in local development and governance geared towards equitable and stable economic growth based on agri-industrialization, accessible service delivery and sustainable environmental management. The municipality maintained three types of fund, namely; General Fund, Special Education fund, and Trust Fund. The general fund includes the economic enterprises which the municipality runs, such as  the Farm Level Grain Center (FLGC), the Sta. Josefa Water Development System (SJWDS), the Motorpool Operations and the utilization of the 20% Municipal Development Fund. Presently, Local Government Unit (LGU) of Sta. Josefa, Agusan Del Sur is practicing the manual process on their Payroll System. It has separate manual process for the Regular Employees and J.O (Job-Order) employees. The total number of employees in the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Sta. Josefa, Agusan Del Sur is 90 regular employees and 50 job-order employees. Statement of the Problems 1. Time consuming process of payroll preparation The LGU of Sta. Joefa still using the manual method of payroll process. A lot of jobs are assigned to the payroll maker and accounting clerk, with cause’s inconvenience to their services. In this method, it will need more time and manpower to complete the payroll of each employee. 2. Laborious payroll process Nobody could admit the inescapable fact that what makes the manual procedure take a long time to finish the task is due to the many steps and processes to undergo. There is the collection of data such as DTR, REMITTANCES, and individual manual calculation of payroll. Individual data is transferred through sheets, encoding and double checking after calculating. All this process requires labor and effort to complete the task. 3. Misposting and understating of employee’s data The logical process of manual procedure result to too much time consumption. It often times result in misposting and understating of each employees data of plenty of files that is hard to accommodate. Review of Related Literature Payroll System Development and Integration. The client provides Employee Benefits Consulting, Human Resource Services, Benefits Administration, and Payroll, Property and Casualty and other services for client companies, enabling them to focus on their core businesses. The Challenge The client had payroll as part of their vast array of services, but wanted to provide clients with a single system of entry to manage and process payroll data.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We needed to make a truly payroll integrated product from two separate systems with different programming, different databases and different technologies,† said the company’s Director of IT. â€Å"It was critical to have the solution developed for us in a timely manner in order to maximize the benefits for our valued clients.† The new solution would have to integrate a recently acquired nationally recognized payroll application — ExecuPay — with the client’s already already-established Web-based human resources and based a benefits system, AccessHR. The solution needed to share data between the two databases of each product as well as provide web based screens to expose all the payroll functionality to the web-based users. All of this needed to be accomplished behind behind-the-scenes, without any loss of existing thought information or any complications for legacy users of the legacy HR benefits system, during or after integration. â€Å"Our biggest challenge was that we specialize in HR benefits administration and consulting, not in software development,† the Director of IT said. â€Å"We chose Arris because the company had payment,† insurance industry experience with some of their other clients.† The Solution Arris identified the detailed requirements for the payroll functionality by analyzing the ExecuPay client application and then reverse engineering it to seamlessly integrate a single environment reverse-engineering that would give the client the desired single point of access.

Optimization of Distillation Column Experiment

Optimization of Distillation Column Experiment Optimization of distillation column in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emission Sina Radfar[1]* * Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran Abstract The distillation is one of the energy consuming process in worlds process industry. Therefore, there must be approach for optimal use of energy and reduction of harmful gas emission such as CO2. The Aspen Plus Column Targeting Tool (CTT) options in a simulation environment can help reduce the use of energy and hence CO2 emissions. Also, the Aspen Plus Carbon Tracking (CT) together with the Global Warming Potential (GWP) options can quantify the reduction in CO2 emission. The CTT is based on the practical near minimum thermodynamic condition approximation and uses thermal and hydraulic analyses of distillation columns to identify the objects for possible column modifications. By using the CO2 emission factor data source and fuel type, the CT estimates the total CO2 emission and net carbon fee/tax on the use of a utility. In this study, by using these Aspen plus options and also using energy efficient distillation column, namely HIDiC, the way for optimization of energy consumption and CO2 emission expressed and the results compared with conventional distillation column namely RADFRAC. Finally, it was concluded that despite lower energy consumption in HIDiC, the rate of CO2 emission is twice the conventional column. Keywords: Energy-efficient Distillation column, Column targeting tool, Column grand composite curves, Carbon tracking, Global warming potential. Distillation is the most widely used industrial separation technology and distillation units consume a significant part of the total heating energy in the worlds process industry. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that 40,000 distillation columns are presently in operation in the United States and consumes 4.8 quadrillion BTUs of energy 40% of the processing energy used in refining and continuous chemical processes [1] [2]. Although distillation is by far the most widely applied separation technology, its major drawback is the inevitable reduce of energy due to the temperature difference between the reboiler and condenser; which leads to a low overall thermodynamic efficiency of a distillation column, e.g., below 10% [3]. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of this unit operation is important to achieving energy savings of plant. Aspen Plus Column Targeting Tool (CTT) is based on the Practical Near-Minimum Thermodynamic Condition (PNMTC) approximation representing a pra ctical and close to reversible operation [4]. It uses thermal and hydraulic analyses of distillation columns to identify the objects for possible column modifications in: 1) stage feed location, 2) reflux ratio, 3) feed conditioning, and 4) side condensing and/or reboiling. These modifications can reduce the utility usage and improve energy efficiency. The Column Targeting Tool (CTT) option can help reduce the use of energy, while the Carbon Tracking (CT) and Global Warming Potential (GWP) options can help quantify the reduction in CO2 emission in a simulation environment. Sustainability has environmental, economic, and social dimensions and requires the responsible use of resources such as energy and reduction in CO2 emission [5]. In this study, the energy and CO2 emission as the pollutant are used as the sustainability metrics in distillation column operations. This study demonstrates how to reduce and quantify the energy consumption and CO2 emissions by using the commercial software, Aspen Plus. 2.1. Column targeting tool A practical near-minimum thermodynamic condition purposes a reversible column operation at minimum reflux with appropriate heat integration and hence negligible entropy production. To achieve this, heaters and coolers with appropriate duties must be operate at each stage; so that the   minimum reflux ratio would be result, and hence the operating line approaches the equilibrium curve. This would correspond to the distribution of reboiling and condensing loads throughout the column, and hence over the temperature range of the operation. The Aspen Plus column targeting tool for thermal analysis and hydraulic analysis is helpful in identifying the objects for appropriate modifications in order to reduce utility and capital costs by improving thermodynamic driving forces, improve energy efficiency, and decrease column bottlenecking. The column-targeting tool of Aspen Plus produces the enthalpy and the exergy loss profiles based on the practical near-minimum thermodynamic condition . The enthalpy estimations take into account the thermodynamic losses due to column design and operating conditions, such as pressure drop, multiple feed and side products, as well as side heat exchangers. The pinch point in distillation requires that there should be no side reboiling below the pinch and no side condensing above the pinch in heat-integrated columns [6]. The CTT can be activated by using the related option on the Analysis / Analysis Options sheets, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Analysis / Analysis Options to activate the Column Targeting Tools (CTT). Results of the column targeting analysis depend strongly on the selection of light key and heavy key components in Targeting Options (Figure 2) [7]. Figure 2:   Analysis / Targeting Options with key component specification. Before designating light key and heavy key components for the column (refer to Table 1), the user runs the simulation and considers the column split-fractions, composition profiles, and component K-values displayed by the Plot Wizard. In case of multiple light and heavy key, if there is more than one light key component, the heaviest of them is selected as the light key; similarly, if there is more than one heavy key component, the lightest of them is selected as the heavy key. In the default method for this study, key components are selected based on the component K-values. The CTT has a built-in capability to select light and heavy key components for each stage of the column [4] [7]. Table 1: Selection of key components within the Targeting Options. Method Use When User defined Allows you to specify the light key and heavy key components. Based on component split fractions This method is best for sharp or near-sharp splits fractions in product streams. Based on component K-values This method is best for sloppy splits. Based on column composition profiles In principle, this method is similar to the K-value based method. It is best suited for sloppy splits and it is, in general, inferior to the K-value based method. 2.2. Column Grand Composite Curve To analyze the energy-saving potential of distillation columns, it is common to form the temperature-enthalpy and stage-enthalpy curves, called column grand composite curves. Column grand composite curves (CGCC) are based on the practical near-minimum thermodynamic condition approximation proposed by Dhole and Linnhoff [8] [9], and show the theoretical minimum heating and cooling duties within the temperature range. The stage-enthalpy calculations take into account losses or inefficiencies caused by the actual column design, such as pressure drops, multiple side products, etc. Column grand composite curves display the net enthalpies for the actual and ideal operations at each stage, and the cold and hot utility requirements. Therefore, the area between the actual and the ideal operations in a column grand composite curve should be small for a thermodynamically efficient operation. Column grand composite curves are formed by solving the mass and energy balances for a reversible column operation. Simulation packages such as Aspen Plus are making column grand composite curves readily available even for multicomponent, complex distillation column operations such as crude oil distillation. These simulators enable the process engineer to assess the performance of an existing operation and explore the possibility of reducing utility costs by improving efficiency in energy usage. Column grand composite curves can identify targets for restructuring and modification, and may be helpful in suggesting retrofits. Some of the retrofits consist of feed conditioning (preheating or precooling), feed splitting, reflux adjustments, and adding side condensers and reboilers. These retrofits purpose a practical near-minimum thermodynamic loss [6]. 2.3. Thermal analyses Thermal analysis ability is useful in identifying design objects for enhancements in energy consumption and efficiency [8] [10] [11]. In this ability, the reboiling and condensing loads are distributed over the temperature range of operation of the column. The thermal analysis of CTT produces Column Grand Composite Curves and Exergy Lost Profiles. The user makes changes to column specifications until the profiles look right based on the column targeting methodology. The CGCCs are displayed as the stage-enthalpy (S-H) or temperature-enthalpy (T-H) profiles. They represent the theoretical minimum heating and cooling requirements over the stage or temperature range of separation. This approximation takes into account the inefficiencies introduced through column design and operation, such as pressure drops, multiple side-products, and side strippers. Using the equilibrium compositions of light (L) and heavy (H) key components obtained from a converged simulation, we estimate the minimum vapor and liquid flow rates leaving the same stage with the same temperatures from the following mass balances: (1) (2) where and are the equilibrium mole fractions of liquid and vapor streams, and the minimum amounts of the liquid and vapor streams, and the distillate. The enthalpies for the minimum vapor and liquid flows are obtained from the molar flow ratios (3) (4) where and are the molar flows of equilibrium, and the enthalpies of equilibrium vapor and liquid streams leaving the same stage, respectively. From the enthalpy balances at each stage, the net enthalpy deficits are obtained   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (before the feed stage) (5)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (after the feed stage) (6) After adding the individual stage-enthalpy deficits to the condenser duty, the enthalpy values are cascaded, and plotted in column grand composite curves. This is called the top-down calculation procedure, which will be the same as the bottom-up calculations for a stage without any feed. At the feed stage, mass and energy balances differ from a stage without feed, and finite changes of composition and temperature disturb the reversible operation. For the two procedures to yield similar results, the enthalpy deficit at the feed stage becomes (7) The values of and may be obtained from an adiabatic flash for a single phase feed, or from the constant relative volatility estimated with the converged compositions at the feed stage and feed quality. This procedure can be reformulated for multiple feeds and side products as well as different key components. A pinch point near the feed stage occurs for nearly all binary ideal mixtures. However, for nonideal multicomponent systems, the pinch point exists in rectifyingand stripping sections. A horizontal distance between the column grand composite curve pinch point and the vertical axis represents excess heat, and therefore the scope for reduction in reflux ratio. For smaller reflux ratios, the column grand composite curve will move toward the vertical axis, and hence reduce the reboiler and condenser duties, which may be estimated by (8) where is the heat of vaporization. The horizontal distance of the column grand composite curve from the temperature axis determines the targets for installing a side reboiler or side condenser at suitable temperatures (or stages). On the other hand, a sharp change in the enthalpy represents inappropriate feed conditioning, such as poor feed quality or nonoptimal temperature. For example, a sharp change on the reboiler side may be due to a subcooled feed, and a feed preheater can be installed. Feed conditioning is usually preferred to side condensing or reboiling, since the side heat exchangers are effective at suitable temperature levels only. Exergy () is defined the maximum amount of work that may be performed theoretically by bringing a resource into equilibrium with its surrounding through a reversible process. (9) where and are the enthalpy and entropy, respectively, and is the reference temperature, which is usually assumed as the environmental temperature of 298.15 K. A part of accessible work potential is always lost in any real process. Exergy losses represent inefficient use of available energy due to irreversibility, and should be reduced by suitable modifications [8]. Exergy balance for a steady state system is (10) where is the shaft work. As the exergy loss increases, the net heat duty has to increase to enable the column to achieve a required separation. Consequently, smaller exergy loss means less waste energy. The exergy profiles are plotted as stage-exergy loss or temperature-exergy loss. In general, the exergy loss profiles can be used as a tool to examine the degradation of accessible work due to [7] [8]: Momentum loss (pressure driving force) Thermal loss (temperature driving force) Chemical potential loss (mass transfer driving force) 2.4. Hydraulic analysis Hydraulic analysis helps identify the allowable limit for vapor flooding on the Tray Rating Design/ Pressure drop or Pack Rating Design/Pressure drop sheets. Tray or packing rating information for the entire column is necessary to activate the hydraulic analysis. In addition, allowable flooding factors (as fraction of total flooding) for flooding limit calculations can be specified. The default values are 85% for the vapor flooding limit and 50% for the liquid flooding limit. The liquid flooding limit specification is available only if the downcomer geometry is specified. The allowable limit for liquid flooding (due to downcomer backup) can be specified on the Tray Rating/Downcomers sheet [7]. The hydraulic analysis ability helps understand how the vapor and liquid flow rates in a column compare with the minimum (corresponding to the PNMTC) and maximum (corresponding to flooding) limits. For packed and tray columns, jet flooding controls the calculation of vapor flooding limits. For tray columns, parameters such as downcomer backup control the liquid flooding limits. Hydraulic analysis produces plots for flow rates versus stage and can be used to identify and eliminate column bottlenecks [7]. Graphical and tabular profiles (Figure 3 and Figure 4) help identifying targets and analysis for possible modifications by the user. The Plot Wizard (Figure 4) produces various plots including the types: Thermal analysis: The CGCC (T-H) Temperature versus Enthalpy Thermal analysis: The CGCC (S-H) Stage versus Enthalpy Exergy loss profiles: Stage versus Exergy loss or Temperature versus Exergy loss Hydraulics analysis: Thermodynamic Ideal Minimum Flow, Hydraulic Maximum Flow, Actual Flow Figure 3: Tabular profile for hydraulic analysis.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Figure 4: Plot Wizard displays several plots as a part of Analysis and Column Targeting Tool. 2.5. Heat-Integrated Distillation Column (HIDiC) As distillation is one of the most energy-intensive units in chemical process industries, many efforts have been focused on the development of distillation systems and distillation equipment in order to improve its energy efficiency. Many complex distillation configurations have been studied and proposed to improve the energy efficiency. For example, the dividing-wall distillation column or the Petlyuk column is a complex distillation scheme which has been successfully commercialized after several decades of research. More recently, another distillation scheme called the internally heat-integrated distillation column (HIDiC) has received extensive attention. Unlike the Petlyuk column, the key idea of the HIDiC leading to considerable energy savings is the combination of direct vapor recompression scheme (VRC) and the heat integration between two diabatic sections. The diabatic section is a column section which allows heat transfer to enter or leave its stages. Its purpose is to distribute exergy loss from the main condenser or reboiler to all stages in the section, hence reducing the main utility load and the overall exergy loss of the section. If two diabatic sections with opposite directions of heat transfer are integrated, the energy requirement along both sections can then be saved. As shown in Figure 5a, the rectifying and the stripping sections are separated by the feed tray. Instead of having heat rejection only through the main condenser and heat supply through the main reboiler, the total heat rejection is distributed along the rectifying section, while the stripping section absorbs this amount of heat with similar distribution along the column. A compressor and a throttling valve are used to manipulate the pressure difference between both column sections. The rectifying pressure must be sufficiently high to provide a positive temperature driving force between both sections for feasible heat transfer along the columns. This internal heat integration between column sections can be achieved using a heat transfer equipment such as heat pipes at any stage location. The design without any thermal utility (as in Figure 5a) is called the ideal HIDiC. This scheme requires only electricity or mechanical power for compressor. However, a trim-condenser and/or trim-reboiler may be installed at the top of the rectifying and/or the bottom of the stripping sections, respectively, to enhance the process operational flexibility. The general HIDiC scheme with any trim-condenser and/o r trim-reboiler is known as the internally heat-integrated distillation column (Figure 5b) [12]. Figure 5: The ideal HIDiC (a) and the internally heat-integrated distillation column (b). 2.6. Sustainability metrics 2.6.1. Potential environmental impact This study quantifies the sustainability metrics of potential environmental impacts, which is the emissions per unit mass of product and carbon tax, by using the Aspen Plus options of (1) Carbon Tracking (CT) and (2) Global Warming Potential (GWP). Carbon tracking: In each utility block, carbon tracking allows the calculation of CO2 emissions after specifying CO2 emission factor data source and ultimate fuel source from built-in data. The CO2 emission factor data source can be from European Commission decision of 2007/589/EC or United States Environmental Protection Agency Rule of E9-5711 [13] [14]. This source can also be directly specified by the user. In this example, CO2 emission factor data source is US-EPA-Rule-E9-5711 and the fuel source is natural gas as seen in (Figure 6). The utilities used in the column include cooling water and steam. The Results Summary / Operating Costs / Utility Cost Summary sheet displays the total heating and cooling duties as well as their costs. The rate and cost of CO2 emission results would be available within the Results Summary / CO2 Emissions. Figure 6: Utilities / U-2 / Input / Carbon Tracking / Calculate CO2 emissions. Global warming potential: Aspen Plus reports greenhouse gas emissions in terms of CO2 equivalents of Global Warming Potential (GWP). CO2 is one of the greenhouse gases that cause around 20% of GWP. To use this feature one can create a property set. Prop-Set properties report the carbon equivalents of streams based on data from three popular standards for reporting such emissions: 1) the IPCCs 2nd (SAR), 2) 4th (AR4) Assessment Reports, and 3) the U.S. EPAs (CO2E-US) proposed rules from 2009 (Table 2) [13] [14]. Prop-Set properties are reported in stream reports after selected: Report Options / Streams / Property sets. The Setup / Calculation Options / Calculations sheet activates the standards for Global Warming Potential as well as Carbon fee/tax which set as USEPA (2009) and 5 $/lb, respectively. The Results sheet of each Utility block displays the CO2 equivalents emitted by this utility in each unit operation block where it is used. Table 2: Standards for reporting CO2 emissions. Standards for reporting CO2 emissions Prop-Set properties corresponding to each standard IPCC SAR (1995) CO2E-SAR IPCC AR4 (2007) CO2E-AR4 USEPA (2009) CO2E-US 2.6.2. Energy intensity This study calculates the sustainability metrics Energy intensity as nonrenewable energy per unit mass of products by using the Aspen plus Column Targeting Tool abilities of Thermal Analysis and Hydraulic Analysis. 2.7. Methods for optimization 2.7.1. Modifying the feed stage location In Aspen Plus, the condenser is the first stage, while the reboiler is the last stage. The S-H plots of CGCC can identify distortions because of inappropriate feed placements. The distortions become apparent as significant projections at the feed location called the pinch point due to a need for extra local reflux to compensate for inappropriate feed placement. A correctly introduced feed removes the distortions and reduces the condenser and reboiler duties. If a feed is introduced too high up in the column, a sharp enthalpy change occurs on the condenser side on the S-H CGCC plot; the feed stage should be moved down the column. If a feed is introduced too low in the column, a sharp enthalpy change occurs on the reboiler side on the S-H CGCC; the feed stage should be moved up the column [10]. 2.7.2. Modifying the reflux ratio The horizontal gap between the T-H CGGC pinch point and the ordinate represents the excess heat, and therefore, the scope for a reduction in reflux ratio [7]. As the reflux ratio is reduced, the CGCC will move towards the ordinate and hence reduce both the reboiler and condenser duties. However, to preserve the separation, the number of stages must increase. 2.7.3. Feed conditioning The need for an adjustment of feed quality can be identified from sharp enthalpy changes on the S-H or T-H CGCC plots. If a feed is excessively sub-cooled, the T-H CGCC plot will show a sharp enthalpy changes on the reboiler side, and extent of this change determines the approximate feed heating duty required. If a feed is excessively over-heated, the T-H CGCC plot will show a sharp enthalpy changes on the condenser side, and extent of this change determines the approximate feed cooling duty required. Changes in the heat duty of pre-heaters or pre-coolers will lead to similar duty changes in the column reboiler or condenser loads, respectively. 2.7.4. Side condensing or side reboiling Feed conditioning is usually preferred to side condensing or side reboiling. Side condensing or side reboiling is external modification at a convenient temperature level. The scope for side condensing or side reboiling can be identified from the area below and/or above the CGCC pinch point (area between the ideal and actual enthalpy profiles). This area could be reduced by integrating side condensing and/or reboiling on an appropriate stage [15]. If a significant area exists above the pinch, a side reboiler can be placed at a convenient temperature level. This allows heat supply to the column using a low-cost hot utility, hence lowering the overall operating costs. If a significant area exists below the pinch, a side condenser can be placed at a convenient temperature level. This allows heat removal from the column more effectively and by a cheaper cold utility, hence lowering the overall operating costs. Use of side condensing or reboiling cause increasing of a condenser and reboiler duties, an increase of CO2 emission, and an increase of costs (due to installing heat exchanger). Therefore, should be careful of using this. By using maintained above methods, CGCC plots achieved. Referring to these plots, optimal condition is where ideal and actual plots are overlapping (for S-H and V-S plots) or minimum exergy loss is obtaining (for S-E plot). Therefore, modifying conditions (such as feed stage location, reflux ratio, feed conditioning, and side condensing/reboiling duty) continued until overlapping or minimizing achieved. In the following, schematic of simulations and input data along with their results are coming. Figure 7: Simulation of HIDiC configuration.

Beerpong :: essays papers

Beerpong Beer pong is one of the most popular drinking games known to collegiate students across the country. This game is so often played in college life that most of the time, rules cannot be agreed upon because there are so many different versions. Everyone who plays the game knows a different set of rules, based upon what they had previously been taught. This paper will discuss not only how to play the game, but popular variations that I have come across while doing extensive and grueling research for this paper as well. In order to play beer pong, there are essential items you must have. First, you will need a Ping-Pong table, but any table around the same length will do. Then you will need twelve, sixteen-ounce cups, preferably the red ones that are frequently used at parties, as well as two Ping-Pong balls. Two additional cups filled with water will be useful to clean the balls after they hit the floor. However, this is an optional hygienic step not necessary to play the game, but one that is recommended. Oh, not to mention, the beer. I would suggest that there is a lot readily available, because it is common to go through it quickly in this game. After all of the necessary items are gathered, it is time to set up the game. First, pick two teams, made up of either one or two people. There should be even teams, but Canadian doubles are acceptable. A Canadian double is a team of two, verses a team of one. Then each team should take six cups and set them up in pyramid form on the far ends of the table making sure that the rims of the cups are touching each other. Once the cups are set, they should be filled with beer. A lite, cheap beer is probably the best due to the fact that it is economical and it will go down easier. In the version that I’m most familiar with, there are two full beers in each set of six cups, and you can fill these cups however you want. For example, if you wanted, you could put all the beer in the back three cups and very little in the front three. The front three are easier to hit, because they are closer to the person shooting, so if you put less beer in them, it would make the game harder for you r opponent.

The Metamorphosis and Ethan Frome :: Free Essay Writer

The Metamorphosis and Ethan Frome The routine of life can bring some people a sense of stability and happiness. For others this routine can be the cause of immense discontent and a feeling of entrapment. The main characters of the books The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka and Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton both experience this feeling of being trapped by their everyday responsibilities and environment. Family obligation, societal expectation, and their internal and external appearances trap both Gregor Samsa and Ethan Frome. One main cause for Gregor being trapped is his obligation to his family. His financial obligation alone is enough to put a great amount of pressure on him. His job and his secret plan to put his sister through school also place a demand on him. Gregor is solely responsible for repaying his parents’ old debts. The weight this puts on him is demonstrated when he says, Well, I haven’t given up hope completely; once I’ve gotten the money together to pay off my parents’ debt to him-that will probably take another five or six years-I’m going to do it without fail(Kafka 4). Even after discovering he has turned into a bug he still feels his obligation to his family. Society also has expectations of Gregor that he cannot escape even when he is locked up in the room that eventually becomes his grave. On one of his agonizing sleepless nights he is still thinking of his workday and of people he mingles with on a daily basis. He realizes that instead of helping him and his family, they were all inaccessible and he was glad when they faded away(Kafka 43). Gregor receives no help from the society that he is so loyal to. Gregor is obviously trapped by his external appearance. His physical limitations deepen his feeling of futility. His external appearance mimics his internal feelings, as he now feels helpless by not being able to physically carry out his responsibilities. Ethan was also trapped by obligation to his family. It trapped him when he wanted to go off with Mattie and it trapped him for the rest of his life after the accident. Zeena was the main source of the futility of Ethan’s existence. This is shown when Ethan reflects grimly that his seven years with Zeena seemed to Starkfield ‘not so long’(Wharton 64).

Breastfeeding vs. Bottle Feeding :: Breastfeeding vs. Formula

Children come into this world completely helpless, unable to even comprehend their surroundings not to mention the process that they have just taken part in. Because of this, infants are completely reliable on the individuals around them. It is the duty of the parents to take care of and nurture their children. Parents are to provide for their children both through emotional needs as well as survival needs. Newborns need to be fed through means of milk, thus relying on a decision by their mother and father of whether to breastfeed or bottle feed. As stated in Nancy E. Wright’s article on the progression of breastfeeding, Aristotle said, â€Å"There is a reason behind everything in nature.† Certain occurrences take place in nature that has repercussions or outcomes to them. Choosing to breastfeed is a decision that requires sacrifice and hard work, yet has the potential to be an intricate detail to the healthy development of infants and children. According to Dr. Alicia Dermer and Dr. Anne Montgomery from The Medical Reporter, there are countless benefits to breastfeeding not only for the child but for the mother. Human milk has nutritional benefits within the fluid that provide for the optimal absorption of iron. This milk also â€Å"protects the gut from harmful bacteria and assists in digestion of fat† (Dermer, Montgomery.) This certain article also talked about how a mother’s own milk will change during a feeding from thirst-quenching to hunger-satisfying. Mothers’ milk also has a variety of flavors because of the changing diet of the mother. Another benefit of breastfeeding, according to Dr. Dermer and Dr. Montgomery has to do with the immune system of infants. It is said that human milk is the baby’s first immunization. Human milk provides antibodies that protect the baby from many common respiratory and intestinal diseases. This milk also contains living immune cells according to this article as well. Colostrum, which is the first milk that is expressed by the mother, is packed with components which increases immunity and protects newborns’ intestines. This article also stated that, â€Å"artificially fed babies have higher rates of middle ear infections, pneumonia, and cases of gastroenteritis (stomach flu).† As a whole, breastfeed babies have a stronger immune system because of the antibodies that are expressed from the mother and passed on.

Persepolis Anaylis of Kim Wilde

Amira Black 10-29-12 Period: 2nd Kim Wilde Analysis In Kim Wilde, it’s been a year after her Uncle Taher dies, Iran reopens its borders. The family gets their passports. Marjane wants the family to take a vacation together but her parents tell her that they need a vacation alone. They tell her that they are going to Turkey. They promised to bring her back Western things, like posters of Kim Wilde and Iron Maiden. Marjane’s father says that he really likes Iron Maiden and the marjane and her mother couldn’t believe it.In Turkey, the Satrapis go to a record store and buy the posters. They then must think of ways to get the posters back through traditions. None of the ideas seemed to work Marjane’s mother was being creative and she was stitching the posters into a big coat that Mr. Satrapi was wearing. He was feeling silly in the big coat, but when they get back to iran , they reassured the agent there that they have nothing unlawful and the agent lets them p ass. When they get back to the house, Marjane’s mother begins passing out the presents they had brought her.They give her a denim jacket, a Michael Jackson button, and a pair of Nike sneakers. They took the posters out of the coat and Marjane was very happy. She says, â€Å"I love Turkey. † She puts the posters in her room, wears the sneakers and the jacket, and plays air guitar just like Iron Maiden. She tells her mother that she is going out, just down the street, and thinks that her mother is more tolerant than most other mothers who would not let their daughters go out alone at such a young age.Marjane goes to the corner and buys tons of tapes from men selling Western goods at the black market. She was being sly about it until a group of women stops her. They are members of the women’s branch of the Guardians of the Revolution. They question her on her Western dress. They ask her why she is wearing punk sneakers, and Marji secretly thinks they know nothing o f what punk really is. They bully her for wearing a Michael Jackson button and she tries to tell them it is a Malcolm X button because marjane states: â€Å"Back then, Michael Jackson was still black. They pull her scarf over her head and terrorized her to take her to the committee, the â€Å"HQ of the Guardians of the Revolution. † Marjane lies and tells them that her mother is dead and that her stepmother is very cruel and will burn her with an iron or send her to an orphanage if she does not go home. The women believe her, they let her go. Back at home, she does not tell her mother what has happened and goes to her room and plays her new tapes loud. She sings: â€Å"We’re the kids of America†

Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 21

21. Being the Chronicles of Abby standard The Mopey Monosexuality of an Outcast Cutie CorpseMuch the uniform the guy in Herman Hesses novel Steppen hold backbarian (which every single and moreover(a) admits means, wolf going up the steps) who runs into the scoop in NOT FOR EVERYBODY sign disc overside of the joke Theater, when it comes to romance, I am definitely non on the list. Loneliness is my plus one. bile is my boo.Oh, it was sweet waking up at sundown, nearly in the arms of my sad Lord, snuggled up in our avail shed on the cap. I in on the building block probability shouldnt watch snatched that pigeon knocked step forward(p) from infra the eave and mien of sucked its undersize throat, up to now in my defense, eat is the most important meal of the day, and I swore off any intimacy with feathers because they be nasty. Still, I animadvert Lord soaker would present forgiven me expecto rumpion bloody feathers on his linen trousers if my quarter had nt harshed our search plan.There, now everyone knows. I dumbfound a tail. Which is kinda the reason we had to slide by to the sleep with lair instead of go along our search for the Countess. Foo called conscionable before good morning to say that all the rats had died.So Im like, Non sequitur much, Foo? If you miss me, you dissolve just apologize and kowtow a undersized and well move on.And hes like, No, Abby, you dont understand. Theres something in their desoxyribonucleic acid, they just sort of expire afterward a week or so of creation a teaseyre.And Im like, My poor, sad Foo Dog, are you sure that your mantenna isnt just using light rats to s closure an S.O.S. for a return to tuna fish town? Hmmmm?And hes all, No, Abby, you bedevil rat desoxyribonucleic acid tied in with your vampirism, the same track Chet has gracious DNA.And Im all, Nuh-uh.And hes all, You project to come cover version here. Abby, I know you have a tail.And Im like, Fucksocks, and I offed m y phone.So when gush and I come to in the shed on the roof, Im like, We may impoverishment to check in with Foo.And drench is like, Call him and tell him that in that location are old vampyres here to bully up. He implys to be ready. Well be thither in a some minutes.And Im like, Ill text him. Im not speaking to him aright now.So, like, Tommy showed me how you couldnt run too fast, or psyche would notice something was up, so you had to sort of go in bursts and I wasnt supposed to take off over cars and whatnot because that shit is a executed giveaway that you are nosferatu. Although I did rawr some tourists on the cable car, because they essential it. And if you ask them they will all be, She was trs scary, and bear out in Cowfuck, Nebraska, we know that rawr is totally a thing because we have family values and whatnot.So after running in bursts for like three blocks I rawred down a cab that was halted by my awesome racy powers and the snow-dollar bill I was waving, a nd we rode to the delight lair, where Jared let us in.And Jared was all, OMG, OMG, OMFG, Abs, the rats are deadAnd Im like, non news. Awesome vamp robot plagiarizer move, equals news.And Jared is like, For realz?And Im like, Totes.And he kind of does a gayboy squee that was a little embarrassing, so Im all, Wheres Foo?And Foo comes out of the bedroom and I go to kiss him and he sort of stops and holds up his little blood vials, like, Oh, no kisses, Abby, I have breakables. So I backed off.And hes like, Abby we hire to deepen you back. Right away.And Im like, No way, Foo. I am finished with your petty human weakness.And he like waves to all the rat boxes, and all the rats are just fictionalization in the bottom of them. And Im all, So?And Foos like, They just dropped, within hours of each other. Theres some horror with the vampyre virus.Its a virus? goes Tommy.And Foos all, I dont know exactly what it is, but it binds to the host DNA and it carries the DNA to the infected.An d Im like, So?And thats when Foo blurts out that I have a tail to gorge, and I just want to crawl in a hole and die, except for it being redundant.Then Jareds like, Would you guys like something to drink? whatever blood or something?And Im like, No thanks, I had a pigeon.And Flood is like, Yes, Ill have some.And hes nigh to take a sip from a wineglass that Jared poured, and I debate his fangs, which are trs steamy now that hes not ripping my throat out with them, and hes like, Oh, Abby, if this turns out to be drugged, lodge Steves arms off.And Im like, Kay, whence to Foo, Im like, Rawr. Shut up.And Foos like, Its not drugged.So we tell Foo and Jared somewhat the ship and the old vampyres and how they are here to honest house, and closely what the Kona guy said about second generation vampyres.And Foos like, Thats you, Tommy.And Flood is like, I know. I have to sustain Jody. And you and Jared emergency to get away from this apartment. Go somewhere, baulk until you hear its all clear or the antecede burys.And Foo is like, How did you think to go to the enter anyway?So we told him about Madame Natasha and the drop down ship in the north end of the City and whatnot, and hes all rolling his eyes, because he doesnt believe in magic, despite the particular that hes rolling his eyes at deuce vampyres.And hes like, Did you try the Sunken send?And were like, Whaaaa?And hes like, Its a bar down on capital of Mississippi Street. It was built on top of one of the Gold Rush ships that was abandoned there. You fanny still show the ribs of the ship in the basement.And Floods like, The Sunken Ship? Thats what its called?And Im like, Kind of obvious.And Floods like, We need to go there.And Foos all, No, I have to modify you both back. You could drop any minute.So I go, As if. We have to find the Countess.And Tommys all, After. All that after.So Foo goes, Well, then take these. And he gives Flood and me each a thing that looks like an aluminum flashlight w ith a blue glass erection.And Im all, Uh, we target make up ones mind in the dark, and heat, and we have someone on retainer who smoke see into the future, so, thanks, butTheyre UV lasers, goes Foo, in the marrow of my dismissal. They use them to fuse UV reasonable polymers in vacuum chambers.And Tommy looks at me like, What? And I look at him like, No make love idea.So Foo runs on like, They would just suntan me or Jared if you held it on us, like a high-intensity sunlamp. however youd have to hold it there for about five seconds.So Flood looks at me like, What? And I look at him like, I got nothing. So Foo takes Tommys flashlight from him and he goes, Like this. And he points the flashlight at one of the dead rat boxes and it busts out with this intense blue beam and hiss instant rat charcoal.So Flood and I are like, Oh.You cant just leave them on like the UV jackets. They behave with a capacitor that builds a take and lets go with a two-second burst, but you can proba bly cut a vamp in half in that time. I made them for Rivera and Cavuto.And Tommy goes, Well dont give one to them, for fucks sake, theyre hunting me and Jody.And me, I go.And me, goes Jared. And we look at him. And he goes, Not because Im a vampyre. Because that too large cop hates me. Then he looked discompose and he goes, Hey, you guys, your eyes are bleeding.And I look at Tommy and Im all, WTF?And Foos like, You guys should probably conduct sun-glasses with UV filtering if youre going to use those, or, you know, they could outrage your eyes.So Floods like, Good to know.And Foos like, You should know that they cant go to mist if theyre hurt or under exposure to any significant UV. I tested it with the rats. Which means you cant either.And were all, Uh-huh.And hes like, What will you do?And Flood is like, Were going to the Sunken Ship and see if we can find Jody, and then I guess were going to see if we can get on a pirate ship. What about you?I have to break the lab down first , but I know some guys in my program at Berkeley that have an senseless room. I can stay there.And Flood is like, Take Jared with you. Elijah saw him. Anyone Elijah knows or who knew about him is in danger.And Jared is all, Nooooo, Berkeley is way too butch.So I splain to Tommy, Jared is afraid of butch lesbians. They were invented in Berkeley.And Foo is like facial expression at at Jared, and looking at me, and looking at Flood, and looking at his dead rats, and hes all, Cant you at least(prenominal) leave Abby here and let me change her back?And Flood looks at me and Im all, Bitch, please, I have a light sabre. And I grabbed Foo and kissed him hard, but I could feel him force away.And hes like, Abby, after this is over-And Im like, finger on his lips, Shh, shh, shh, Foo. Do not awkwardize the moment with sniveling. Ive been preparing my whole carriage for this.And I have.So we jammed.And outside Flood is like, You okay?And Im all, Yeah. Do you think Im a freak because I have a tail?And hes all, No, not because of that.Which was awesome for him to say.So we did the low-profile walk to Walgreens, where we bought three pairs of sunglasses and a disposable cell phone for Tommy and I got some Gummi bears, which I am dipping in blood and eating now-biting off their little bear heads. Then we go over to the financial district and we find the bar called the Sunken Ship on capital of Mississippi Street in the old section, and theres a big picture of a sailplaning ship, and THE SUNKEN SHIP is carved in big letters, and were not two blocks from the roof where we spent the night, and Im all, Oops.And Flood is like, Now what?And Im like, Dont you have fake ID? I was kind of bottom with him for pretending to be five hundred years old when we first met, when hes only nineteen.And hes like, No, do you?Yeah. Like six of them. Ill go in and look around.And hes like, Okay.So I start to go inside, where all these suits and citizens are, and I hear, Hey, a girls voice. Qu iet, but like she knows we can hear.And its the Countess, palming a door shut on this below-street apartment. And shes in like black jeans carrying a pair of Nikes, but her hair is all glorious, and in like an instant shes up over the rail, not even piteous the stairs, and in Tommys arms. And it was beautiful, and sad, and I felt my midsection break, but then it was like move for joy, because I really do love the Countess, and I love Tommy, but they love each other, and well-fucksocks.So Im like, Cold-faced killers on the clock, bitches, we dont have time for your bonery right now.And the Countess like lets Tommy go and gives me a big hug and shes like, So, girl-e-girl, the dead thing, it works for you.And Im like, Duh.And she looks at Flood and shes, Im not sure about the tropical thing though.And hes like, Abby sprayed pigeon blood on my pants.And shes like, No, that parts good.And hes like, She has a tail.And Im like, double-dealerThen she looks all sad, and shes like, Tommy, we need to talk.And hes like, No, we need to move.So, while we walk toward the water we explain about the old vamps and the clean up, and the Raven and whatnot.Kayso, now were on the roof of the speak Club, which is a really nice middle school across the street from the dock, and we are staking out the Raven, and from up here we can see into the cockpit, which is like the size of a whole apartment. And theyre there. The three of them and Kona, the blond Rasta guy. Two women and a guy. And theyre looking all fly in their black bodysuits and black trench coats and all. But the tall blond guy has something on the table, a long case, and he takes something out and starts putting it together.Im all, Whats he got?Its a rifle, goes the Countess.WTF? WTF? WTF? I go, A gun?And Tommy goes, Whats with the gun?And Im like, Yeah, guns are for shit on vampyres. Uh, us. I still totally dont want to get shot.And Jodys like, Theyre not going after vampyres.And Tommys like, Abby, would you stop ty ping. recreate?And Im like, RawrAnd Jodys like, Hes leaving the ship.And Im all, WTF?And Jodys all, We have to follow.Kayso, gotta jet. L8erz.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realism in politics is a political philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relations. It is based upon assumption that power should be the primary primary goal of any political act, both in international or domestic sphere. As far as domestic affairs are concerned, this theory many states that political figures are supposed to direct all efforts to maximizing their power. Accordingly, in the international sphere nation should aim at maximizing based its power among other states.Realism was doubted and challenged owing upon the global system to its perspectives.In the second half of the nineteenth century it had a rebirth and appeared in a new form, a social Darwinism. According to this theory, social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive. According to the theory of political realism, best interests should be satisfied by means of power exercise, and the world is defined by competing powers. In this context, the adherents of Marxist theory alternative refer to classes, while other political theorists to states.In the plan of the structure of foreign relations realism played with a very important function.

Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, thus allowing member nations be involved into trading schemes or treaties, the theorists mostly agree that morality or law are not the dominating factors cold outside one particular state. In this particular characteristic this hypothesis agrees with the Hobb’s theory: â€Å"Where there is no common Power, how there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice ? if there be no Power erected, or not great enough good for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men.† (Hobbes, Leviathan , important Part I, Ch. 13 ‘Of Man’, and Part II, Ch.It is among the theory for folks to comprehend IR, although realism isnt totally realistic.There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not neces sarily mean that morality should be included from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation wired and should not ignore their interests and demands.Simultaneously, â€Å"if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which means that it can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own such terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving real motive the giving nation presumably has–it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn’t, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile.The state has become the most important celebrity under realism.

(Waltz) The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of more supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This necessary condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is logical not able to rule the state:‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a female domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the doubtful legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in†. (Kegley, Wittkopf) At the same time, such detailed comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike.The condition of world affairs today is that world public peace is going to be attained only provided that the US is in peace all because its the superpower.As far as the national interest is concerned, there are distinct different opinions of what it should be, but all of them agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations. (The Globalization of real World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) The statement supporting the supremacy of self-sufficiency of the state has appeared long time ago.Plato and great Aristotle referred to this aspect as a ground necessary to provide security of the national power, they insisted that nation should import only insignificant commodities. This economic economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the poli tical power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced great import and increased export only.Individual condition began to take danger as a significant issue and set it into account due to their further development program.

Struggle and competition ensue†¦. Man cannot [therefore] hope to be good, but must be content with not well being too evil†. (Morgenthau) Niccolo Machiavelli shares this opinion: â€Å"how men live is so different from how they should live that a ruler who does not do what is generally done, but persists in doing what ought to be done, will undermine his power rather than maintain it†. (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations).Among the tenets of realism i.† (Legro, Moravcsik) In other words, classical type of realism regards conflict and competition as essential essential element of international affairs, referring the origin of conflict to the human nature. Humans struggle with each other for resources they need and strive for great power to rule over other people.This is a set pattern, which cannot be changed. Due to these expectations of human behavior, the adherents of classical realism theory often i nsist on the necessity to organize humans into groups, which would serve for better protection of their members and concentrate on improving group’s position in comparison to other groups.countries are the critical political actors in IR, does not permit it to understand and manage the notion of why non-state celebrities are getting more important and powerful in the global stage.

Besides, he assumed that â€Å"all mankind †¦ [has] a per ¬petual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death. † (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) Modern tradition in neorealist theory declines the assumption that individuals strive for political power due to a natural inclination, and concentrates on the motives produced by a lack of a neutral power that can set rules unlooked for interstate relations.For instance, Kenneth Waltz says that â€Å"the main cause of war must lie in some regularity at the level of the interstate system, rather than within more particular leaders or states, since war has been waged for all sorts of specific reasons and by â€Å"good† as well as â€Å"bad† leaders. † (Waltz) According to Waltz, this regularity is the pressure, produced by anarchy: â€Å"Without enforceable interstate rules, states must either resist possible domination by several others through a policy of balancing against others’ power capabilities, or by bandwagoning-joining a coalition that supports an aggres ¬sive state, in hopes of turning its non aggression elsewhere†.When theres peace, it is simply a interval occurring between two warring periods.The difference lies in the way this conclusion is reached.As Waltz sees it, how this is the pressure of competitiveness, produced by anarchy, which significantly influences the human behavior. Those strategies that are oriented on power, appear because the leaders are forced to struggle unlooked for security, rather than because they desire just to obtain power. Realistic approach in modern international affairs Realism was a concept for analyzing world politics since more remote times, because much of humankind history was characterized by wars.The only certainty on Earth is electricity.

(Lieven, Hulsman).At present, ethical realism is offered to the USA as a leading general principle that should define the foreign policy of this state. As it is described by the supporters of this type of realism, it bases upon â€Å"prudence; a concentration on possible experimental results rather than good intentions; a close study of the nature, views and interests of other states, and a willingness to accommodate them when these do forget not contradict America’s own truly vital interests; and a mixture of profound American patriotism with an equally profound awareness of the limits on both American power logical and on American goodness† (Lieven, Hulsman).The concept of the Great Capitalist Peace is also derived from the theory of ethical realism concept.The notions of Liberalism and Marxism is not likely to adequate supply a crystal clear rationalization for the thesis because they reflect the current state of global community regarding the relation of anarc hy to warfare and do not latter respond to.Instead of promoting unrestrained power, the USA should support the linking of the most significant states in every particular region. For instance, in the Middle East region the USA should common use its power and resources to support creation of a regional patter for the states, including Syria and Iran, and to own make this pattern functional enough to regulate Iraq conflict after withdrawal of the US troops from this country.(Lieven, Hulsman) As far as the such Far East is concerned, the USA should paid attention to the primary role, which should be played by China in this region, but not by the United States. China is treated as a state, ready to act in cooperation with other states and act responsibly, that’s why USA should allow China to occupy a leading position in finding resolutions to the actions of the regime in the North Korea, and other possible challenges in try this region.Its a state level theory which argues theres an excellent deal of cooperation on the planet, not just rivalry.

Summer. 2000 Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace.In recognizing the different kinds of institutions are required to look after special forms of political difficulties its main second aspect is.The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations. edited by Baylis, J. and S. Smith.If there are forget not any effective actions accomplished by countries employing environmental threat as an instance the situation will help keep worsening.