B. F. Skinner Essays -- Psychology Psychological Skinner Essays

B.F. Skinner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.F. Skinner was one of the most influential theorists in modern psychology. His work was very important and has been studied by many for years. Skinner was a very straightforward man and a very educated man. His theories have helped mankind in many ways. He has studied the behavior patterns of many living organisms. Skinner was a well-published writer. His work has been published in many journals. He also has written many books on behaviorism. His most important work was the study of behaviorism.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  First began by John B. Watson, behaviorism is one of the most widely studied theories today. B.F. Skinner and His Influence in Psychology B.F. Skinner was one of the most famous of the American psychologists. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1904. Skinner was the father of modern behaviorism. Skinner did not get into psychology until he was in graduate school at Harvard. He was driven to Psychology after reading about the experiments of Watson and Pavlov. He received his doctoral degree in three years and taught at the University of Minnesota and the University of Indiana and finally returned to his alma mater at Harvard. Skinner contributed to psychological behaviorism by performing experiments that linked behaviors with terms commonly used to describe mental states. Skinner was responsible for some famous experiments such as the â€Å"Skinner box†. Skinner also wrote some very famous books. One of them was â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms†. This book describe s the basic points of his system. Another was Walden Two. This book describes a utopian society that functions on positive reinforcement. Skinner was a very productive person until his death in 1990 at the age of 86.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology that is interested in observable behavior. Skinner said, â€Å"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the philosophy of that science.â€Å" There are various types of behavior, such as innate behavior. Innate behaviors are certain behaviors that we are born with, such as eating when we are hungry and sleeping when we are tired. Early Life Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1904 to William Arthur and Grace Madge Skinner. Skinner also had a younger brother named Edmond James Skinner, born November 6, 1906. At the young age of sixteen, Edmond died of a cerebral aneurysm. .    .. ...nd that behavior is modifiable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In another of Skinner’s famous works he talks about his three-part thesis on human behavior. He believed that biology, genotype, and conditioning all work together in natural selection and in the development of social environments. His life was going very well, He had a good family, two children and wife. He also had a good job teaching Psychology at his alma mater, Harvard University. Before his death in 1990 when he died at the age of 86 of leukemia that he had contracted when he was younger. Even when he was dying he still delivered a paper to the American Psychological Association. His work and theories always will be looked at and studied. B.F. Skinner was one of the most important American psychologists ever. He was known as the father of operant conditioning. Skinner’s experiments have paved the way for many ideas and theories that may be developed by future generation psychologists. He was responsible for writing many books that also have he lped in understanding behaviorism. He tried to explain how human behavior would change if the environment were manipulated. In my opinion, Skinner was one of the most well known psychologists.

Anti-Corruption Drive in India

â€Å"Anna Hazare’s Leadership† and Anti –corruption campaign in India 16th august 2011, was a day of vanity in Indian history which has putted curiosity among most of Indians. Many of us coveted to be part of the activities happening all around in Delhi, a wish to join hands with Anna Hazare. It was really hard to believe that a tenacious soldier could turn into an anti-corruption crusader by brilliantly executing an amazing series of checks and counter checks, leading to eventual checkmate. It was great experience to see a charismatic leadership in role of Anna Hazare that’s effect was so much subliminal which has shaken the backbone of deep rooted corruption in this country. Two questions were striking. Why this campaign? & why we need Anna for this campaign? Do we desperately need a leader like M. C. Gandhi again, who can cave in a right direction? Why we forgot real Gandhi and His sacrifice? We only remember that â€Å"Note wala Gandhi† by Munna Bhai MBBS. When we go to any office, Office clerk ask us â€Å"bhaiya Gandhi ke darshan karaa do Kaam ho jayega†. This campaign under Anna’s leadership is purposeful in following dimensions. 1. Creating dominance against corruption The major force behind this campaign was creating environment against corruption, if we turn up with association of corruption, we formulate it asCorruption = Authority + Monopoly – Transparency Authority, we cannot ignore the fact that authority should be given to some peoples to govern. But intension to choose those peoples plays importance. When transparency enforces to choose authority outcome is better, if somebody an ets absolute authority to govern then, its’ clear that corruption would be there. ‘Absolut Authority, Absolute Corruption’. If only some people have the control over all the resources, resulting decisions become biased, certain group who hold the resources, drives monopoly. This campaign is about to include transparency in the society and system to prevent government, social and corporate corruption. 2. Promoting re ctitude among individuals As well said a civilized economy cannot ignore the social value of business and responsibilities towards society, and environment. This is what not happening in Indian Economy, to keep and realize â€Å"civilized economy† a strong need of moral rectitude is required. Inclusiveness of all sections of the society, participation of each class families in this campaign gives an indication to take forward that people should realize their responsibility towards others and make the system better by considering each spot transparent. 3. Optimism for clean Institutions Corruption has been deeply rooted in peoples’ day to day life. Even sometimes we take or give bribe and don’t realize it. It has been strongly associated with status in society, fast growth and richness. Such kind of environment leaves an honest person alone and hopeless. This campaign has created some hope of truth, honesty and evoked to clean social and corporate Institutions from corruption. 4. Uprising humanity A development can be sustainable and unsustainable. In India, development is taking place at cost of others that’s why the gap between rich and poor becoming wider. We feel proud when we look our GDP is growing around 8. 5 to 9. % per year, on other side we fall under that category where we have the world’s largest population below poverty line. Sustainability which comes with collective humanism, must be our intention in development process, only then we can be able to develop ourselves with providing space for others to develop. The development stature of Anna’s village depicts an example of sustainability and this campaign under his leadership is pointing towards susta inable development. Reference: 1. http://nvonews. com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/anna-ram-rajya. jpg

Depression Facts vs. False - 1172 Words

Depression has become a world-wide epidemic that is still doubted by the general public. Classified as an illness, it affects men and women, young and old, black and white, both mentally and physically. Many believe that depression is simply a creative choice one’s mind, but mental and physical depression is a true debilitating condition. By dictionary definition, depression is a severe despondency and dejection, typically felt over a period of time and accompanied by feelings of hopelessness and inadequacy. In terms of science, depression is explained as a chemical unbalance of one’s brain. This unbalance is caused by monoamines (mood-related chemicals) being low in the brain. Until recently, depression was almost unexplained in the terms of science: and even with the new knowledge of monoamines playing a key role in depression, this extreme mental epidemic is still not fully explained, nor understood, and continues to be questioned by sceptics who believe the mental illness is nothing but a game of the brain. Depression is doubted due to the overwhelming number of misconceptions of the illness. People do not take the time to understand the disease, they just say it’s in one’s head and simply move on; but this global health issue is not just a choice, there is much backing up the cause. Depression is usually hereditary and tends to hit women more often than men. Clinical depression, also known as melancholia, is caused by fears and despondencies of the brain. WhenShow MoreRelatedEssay Recreational Marijuana Should NOT Be Legal1698 Words   |  7 Pagesbullae, to form. Bullae normally form in young marijuana smokers (less than 45 years old.)† (Drake and Slatore). Marijuana smoke has the same harmful chemicals that tobacco products contain, and marijuana smokers develop lung damage because of this. The fact that marijuana smokers hold the smoke in their lungs longer than tobacco smokers and there is no filters in bongs, bowls, blunts, or joints, there is no safe way to smoke marijuana. Blunts are the wrapping of a cigar filled with marijuana, a jointRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture By Francis Galton1448 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"You inherit your environment just as much as your genes.† (Rich, 2015) In 1869, the phrase â€Å"nature vs. nurture was coined by an English polymath named Francis Galton. There are two sides to this debate, each with their own pros and con’s. Nature is the side that argues that the DNA and genotype humans are born with determines who they are and what personality and traits they will have throughout their lifetime. Whereas the nurture side of the debate argues that humans are born with sponges as mindsRead MoreMental Disabilities And The Death Penalty1259 Words   |  6 Pagesuse Borromeo s definition of someone with mental issues. He stated mental retardation is a lifelong condition of impaired or incomplete mental development... ( Borromeo 178). Some examples of these illnesses include but are not limited t o major depression, bipolar disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder . Since 1976, all capital trials in the US are divided into two phases. The first phase is when they question is whether the defendant is innocent or not. If theRead MorePsychology : Theories Of Personality1577 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most part, examining individuals? past traumas, dark and repressed thoughts, hidden desires, negative reinforcements, and mental illnesses. While both schools of thought have their own differences with regard to research methodology (quantitative vs. qualitative), humanistic and positive psychology were both developed almost in response to the dominating fields at the time. Many humanistic and positive psychology advocates and academics felt strongly that the field of psychology should also focusRead MoreChildren Of A Child Life996 Words   |  4 Pagesidea of having only one child as they think it makes them selfish as the child would be alone after they die. But in reality, the environment that the child grows up in would be much more controlled and safe. Family dynamic would be simplified by the fact that there is no worry for tension between siblings and parents. It has been proven that first born/only children tend to have higher IQ’s than those with siblings. I believe that though there is no perfect way to raise a child, through research andRead MoreThe During The Era Of Good Feeling, While Westward Expansion1338 Words   |  6 Pagespost-war reconstruction period as well as the decline of the federalist party; however, the Panic of 1819 caused a severe economic depression making this period not an Era of Good Feelings. Although the one party system was somewhat beneficial during the Era of Good Feelings, creating a false sense of political unity between the people, poor economic decisions lead to a depression. Sectionalism also increased between the northern and southern states over slavery, adding to political tensions between statesRead MoreDavid Moore s On Nature Vs. Nurture1230 Words   |  5 PagesBabakhani Anthropology 423 Christina Campbell October 9, 2017 David Moore’s Take on Nature vs. Nurture Traditionally, studies of various organisms have highlighted the importance of genetics as the main determinant of the traits and behaviors that characterize them. This goes back to the Darwinian Theory, which categorized beauty and glamour as results of â€Å"good† genes and the existence of evil and depression as consequences of â€Å"bad† genes. The idea that genes are the critical determining factor ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Schizoaffective Disorder On Mental Illness1283 Words   |  6 Pagesthinking, depression, manic behavior, isolation, bi-polar, and some we will discuss later (Schizoaffective Disorder; National Alliance on Mental Illness). Schizoaffective Disorder is a condition in which a person experiences a combination of schizophrenia symptoms - such as hallucinations or delusions and mood disorder symptoms such as mania or depression (Schizoaffective Disorder; Mayo Clinic). Some disorders that are related to Schizoaffective disorder are Schizophrenia, Bi-Polar, and Depression. SchizoaffectiveRead MoreExamples of Prejudice in To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee836 Words   |  3 Pages To Kill A Mockingbird Harper Lee’s book, To Kill A Mockingbird takes place in the difficult times of the Great Depression in the early 1930’s. The novel surrounds the life of a young girl named Scout Finch, along with her brother Jem, and their friend, Dill. Who are forced at a young age to watch the people of their small town of Maycomb not only receive, but also give prejudice to numerous, harmless people. Whether it be Boo Radley, a shut in who falls victim to the town’s gossip, even thoughRead MoreSocial Security And Economic Security1311 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluation of Social Security one must look at the past which is why the following paragraphs will cover the programs history, its costs, and finally possible solutions to improve the program. History The idea for Social Security began when the Great Depression was at a climax, leaving retirees in intense poverty. One of the ways that President Roosevelt helped to combat this great poverty is by creating the Committee of Economic Security (CES), to study the need for an economic security system that would

Essay Dramatic Irony in the Odyssey - 1376 Words

Authors use many literary devices in order to heighten and enhance their works. Dramatic irony, expressions to complementary attitudes understood by the audience but not the characters, can make the emotions stronger in literature. Homer is one of many authors who used this technique well. In The Odyssey, Homer uses dramatic irony in order to enhance the emotional effect of crucial moments in the storyline, especially during the journey of Telemachus, the initial return of Odysseus, and the restoration of Odysseus to his rightful place in the kingdom. During Telemachus’ journey to find his father, Homer includes dramatic irony through Athena’s relationship to the situation which creates a confused mood. After being prompted by Athena,†¦show more content†¦Dramatic irony also emphasizes a dolent mood during the return of Telemachus from his journey. When Odysseus returns home to Ithaca, Athena goes to Telemachus to retrieve him from Sparta. Athena says, â€Å"Y ou must take leave of Menelaos, if you want to find your dear mother still in your house; for her father and brothers are urging her to marry Eurymachos† (169). Athena tells Telemachus that his mother is going to marry Eurymachos. Athena does this as if she is fishing and the story about Telemachus’ mother is the bait; Telemachus is very intrigued by the bait and goes after it, falling into Athena’s well-thought out trap. The reader knows that the reason Athena wants Telemachus to come back is because Odysseus is soon arriving in Ithaca; therefore, dramatic irony is created when Telemachus is never let in on this information that the reader now knows. Homer uses Athena to create dramatic irony to get Telemachus to rush home to stop the marriage, because if Telemachus was told the truth he might not be a eager to get home, since his father had been away for so much of his life. Homer wanted the audience to know more so that they were not confused about Telemachusà ¢â‚¬â„¢ mother getting married for it was a lie. This created a dolent mood because the reader realizes the absence of truth in Athena’s message. The lack of truths make the reader feel sorrowful that Telemachus does not know the truthShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey literary elements823 Words   |  4 PagesMullick Mr.Finken Honors English I April 3, 2014 Irony creating elements of surprise Irony is often used by authors to create an element of surprise or humor and to increase and enhance their work. Homer, author of The Odyssey, is one of the many authors who use this literary technique well. In The Odyssey, Homer has presented irony to create an element of surprise to the character and to the audience. There a lot of instances throughout The Odyssey where Odysseus is present but the people aroundRead MoreTheme Of Dramatic Irony In Oedipus The King1057 Words   |  5 PagesTragic Throughout the entire play, Oedipus the king by Sophocles dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is when audience is aware what is happening but the character is not. Sophocles uses dramatic irony to show us Oedipus’s character and what is expected to occur. The intention of using irony also allows us to sustain our interest in the play and keep us intrigued by what’s happening. Ironically, the play begins with dramatic irony. Suddenly after the death of King Laius, A plague has hit the city ofRead More Destiny, Fate and Free Will in Homers Odyssey - Guidance and Loyalty1355 Words   |  6 PagesGuidance, Fate, and Loyalty in The Odyssey nbsp; The Odyssey is an epic poem about a journey. After the Trojan War is won Odysseus leaves Troy for his home in Ithaca. However, the gods decide to test his courage and resolve and send him on a twenty-year odyssey. Odysseus courage is constantly tested as he struggles with the many obstacles the gods place before him. Although Homer depicted The Odyssey as a self-reliant journey, in reality the gods and other mortals guide Odysseus. It is hisRead MoreEssay about Irony in Guests of the Nation813 Words   |  4 PagesIrony in Guests of the Nation      Ã‚   In the short story, Guests of the Nation, Frank OConnor uses irony to illustrate the conflict which men face when their roles as combatants force them to disregard the humanity of their enemies. In both life and literature, irony exists when there is a contrast between expectation and reality. Verbal irony is defined as a figure of speech in which the actual intent is expressed in words which carry the opposite meaning (Thrall 248). In dramaticRead MoreOdysseus And Siren Song Analysis706 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough having pride in yourself may be a positive in moderation, being too proud of oneself will lead to nothing. Many who look down on others will never learn from their peers, and will only boast of their own achievements. In the poems from â€Å"The Odyssey Book 12† by Homer and â€Å"Siren Song† by Margaret Atwood, both authors write of Odysseus’ struggle regarding the Sirens. Sirens are half-woman, half-bird creatures who use their musi c to tempt sailors to shipwreck on islands or to jump off the boat toRead More Destiny, Fate and Free Will in Homers Odyssey - Odysseus’s Fulfills His Destiny1472 Words   |  6 Pages Odysseus’s Fulfills his Destiny in The Odyssey During Odysseus’s journey in The Odyssey, his own guile, the gods’ obstacles and their assistance for him affected his destiny. Odysseus uses his crafty sense of trickery and guile to get out of situations, which allow him to reach his destiny of returning home. Many times in The Odyssey the gods who dislike Odysseus set obstacles to try to stop him from returning home. However, there are gods who favor him and give him assistance to reach his homelandRead More Reflective essays1316 Words   |  6 Pagestogether. Incongruity is an integral part of comedy and has been making people laugh for centuries. 8.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The â€Å"Odyssey† is considered to be the â€Å"first comedy† if classical literature. This is believed because it involves a homecoming and has a happy ending, which was the original understanding of ancient Greek comedy. The â€Å"Odyssey† encompasses several other aspects of comedy such as a comic hero as well as the use of mistaken identity and deliberate deception. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreAppropriation Of A Key Text From The Past1364 Words   |  6 Pagesclass lifestyle through the character of Mr Alfred Doolittle. The intertextuality of â€Å"...it’s a choice between Skilly of the workhouse and Char Bydis of the middle class,† a reference to the mythological monsters confronted by Odysseus in Homer’s Odyssey, conveys that lower class and middle class lifestyles are both arduous, suggesting that the middle class lifestyle is no better than that of the lower class. Thus Shaw challenges the validity of class as a social construct in Victorian England andRead MoreEssay about Allen Ginsbergs A Supermarket in California1722 Words   |  7 PagesThe irony of the scene becomes clear: an idealized vision of Whitman contrasted with the urban reality of a lonely supermarket. The motifs of loneliness and hunger are closely aligned in the poem. This close connection between the sense of isolation and the sense of hunger is meant to reinforce the notion of emotional, psychic, and spiritual nourishment. The second stanza of the poem begins: In my hungry fatigue, and shopping for images (Ginsberg, 4) which indicates another layer of irony in theRead MorePenelopes Early Recognition of Odysseus2006 Words   |  9 Pagesquestion whether Odysseus was recognized by Penelope and if this helped to build up the intensity of the story. Joseph Russo mentioned this topic in Interview and Aftermath: Dream, Fantasy and Intuition in Odyssey 19 20. The lies told by Odysseus also increased the excitement of The Odyssey. Russo believed that Penelope, in her subconscious, did recognize Odysseus disguised as a beggar. For example, in Book 19, Penelope revealed her innermost thoughts to Odysseus, who was disguised as the beggar

Why Facebook Should Be Legal - 947 Words

The discussions in this section will first consider the reasons why Facebook should not establish a right to be forgotten for its community if users and then for reasons why they should. Then at the end the selected decision will be mentioned. The right to be forgotten involves right to the erasure of information in the possession of other parties, in this case Facebook and its associated companies like WhatsApp, Instagram, etc. Facebook had rapid growth in the recent years, as more and more users started using it as an interface to internet. Facebook were successful in getting more users time and attention over a small period of time. The more users they have the more potential for advertising revenue. To get increased profits after†¦show more content†¦Facebook have faced criticism from various international agencies and various international unions (like EU) about their data retention policies. Most of the concerns within the American and outside the America is about invasion of privacy by publication of private facts, or public disclosure. Legislation had been introduced in Congress to regulate online privacy, and President had called for a consumer privacy bill of rights. These legislation will force Faceboo k to modify its stand on the right to be forgotten. The Restatement of Torts defines the publication of-private-facts tort as the publication of private truthful information about an individual that is highly offensive to a reasonable person. Users have successfully sued against public disclosure of private facts, mainly unwanted information related to illness and hospital records. The possible social pressure and legislation movement will force Facebook to regulate online privacy through self-regulation. The new regulations needs to allow user, who can be identified by information with Facebook, to request to remove all the information immediately. The information about users on Facebook may include negative stories about them, which may be inadequate, irrelevant or no longer relevant. The right will allow users to remove outdated or extremelyShow MoreRelatedFacebook Is An Online Social Networking1079 Words   |  5 PagesFacebook is an online social networking website founded by Mark Zuckerberg along with his fellow Harvard College roommates Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes. The website allows you to create your own wall on which you can share images, personal information, videos etc. Through the site’s messaging feature persons are able to connect with friends, families and many other people around the globe. The success and popularity of the website has attracted over a billionRead MoreSocial Media Evidence Of Government Investigations And Criminal Proceedings A Frontier Of New Legal Issues1370 Words   |  6 Pageshttp://jolt.richmond.edu/index.php/social-media-evidence-in-government-investigations-and-criminal-proceedings-a-frontier-of-new-legal-issues/ d. Search Google, looking for information about Facebook acting unethical in a non-US location. Look at 3 different links, give them here. What potential issues do you learn from these links? List them. In the first URL Facebook is being investigated to assess whether an experiment in which it manipulated users news feeds to study the effect it had on moodsRead MoreEssay on Googles Orkut in Brazil710 Words   |  3 PagesIts popular because it helps people meet others with similar interests and similar tastes. It creates virtual communities among people who want to connect with each other, but might never meet without the mediation of the networking site. 2. Why was Orkut so successful in Brazil? What caused problems later? Google was already well known and had very good reputation in Brazil. Besides, it served a Brazilian market gap with its social networking site, which attracted the extremely community-orientedRead MoreSocial, Political And Legal Environment Associated With Social Media1711 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary: Social media such as Facebook and Twitter allow society to publicize their social lives to all. While managers in organizations are forbidden to ask personal questions of their employees regarding religious or voting preferences, if they have access to their employees Facebook or Twitter pages, they automatically have full access to all information that employees post regarding their personal lives. Will an employer’s access to an employee’s social media pages sway or createRead MoreWelcome to the World of 21st Century Hrm.885 Words   |  4 Pages 1. Does Angie have a right to say what she wants on her Facebook page or in her blog? Why or why not? I feel that, yes, Angie has a right to say what she wants on her Facebook page. Everyone should have the freedom of speech. I also feel that one should take into consideration the consequences and effects it may have on you and/or others, depending on what was said. Opinions and actions are two different things that should be taken into account when giving information publicly. The textRead MorePrivacy And Security : Facebook And Snap Chat1692 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy and Security in Facebook and Snap chat The uprising of Web 2.0 has contributed to a significant rise in the number of technologies designed to enable the dissemination of user-generated content. SnapChat, Facebook, any number of blogging tools—can be referred to under a number of different labels, but the generally accepted term is â€Å"social media†. While in 2016 they are anything but new, social media continues to gain prominence to the point where they are a somewhat ubiquitous presenceRead MoreA Very Controversial Opinions Are Presented In The Article1035 Words   |  5 PagesA very controversial opinions are presented in the article Should teachers friend their students on Facebook? by American Teacher scholar magazine. Nancy Willard, director of Embracing Digital Youth and author of Cyber Savvy, thinks it is very crutial to keep a professional communication and a proper distance with students, because social media, if not used properly, may raise a great public concern, and thus, will be treated as an invasion of a personal space. On the other hand, due to LaurenRead MoreBiometrics Of The Criminal Justice System1622 Words   |  7 Pagesapplication s cover a â€Å"range from identifying criminals to preventing welfare fraud† (Coleman, 2000). Examples of the different types of biometrics that individuals use on an everyday basis include: using a fingerprint to lock a cellphone, getting tagged in Facebook photos, and simply saying a phase to unlock a door or computer. Though there are many different types of biometrics systems currently on the market, they all â€Å"successfully identify and authenticate people with a high degree of accuracy† (ColemanRead MoreDisadvantages Of Facebook867 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Facebook is the most popular social networking with over one billion users globally. It provides a platform through which people can get to express themselves and connect with their, family and friends as well as meet new people. Through Facebook people can find and stay in touch with their lost friends and family members. Apart from being free, Facebook is one of the leading mediums of communication (Ellison et al. 1147). It allows its users to send messages, upload photos and videosRead MorePrivacy? Why Do You Need Privacy? Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesnetworking sites, such as Facebook, have more than 750 million active users, and these users contribute about of 30 billion pieces of shared information (blogs, web links, pictures, etc.) each month. This by no means indicates that social networking sites, similar to Facebook, are a private place. Every â€Å"log in to Facebook† you click to connect to other websites, every status update on your wall, with every Twitter pos t, or Foursquare check-in you allow others to view your life so why not a future employer

Regression Model Free Essays

Introduction A regression model with one explanatory variable is called a Simple linear regression, that is it involves 2 points: single explanatory variable and the response variable which is the x and y, coordinates in a Cartesian plane and finds a linear function a non-vertical straight line that, as precisely as possible it explains the dependent variable values as a function of the independent variables. The term simple refers to the fact that the response variable y is related to one predictor x. The regression model is given as Y=?0+?1 + ? and they are two parameters that are used estimate the slope of the line ?1 and the y- intercept of the line ?0. We will write a custom essay sample on Regression Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? is the random error term.BackgroundRegression analysis is a vital statistical method for the analysis of medical data. It makes it possible for the recognition and grouping of relationships among multiple factors. It also enables the recognition of prognostically relevant risk factors and the calculation of risk scores for individual prognostication, this was made possible by English scientist Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911), a cousin of Charles Darwin, made significant contributions to both genetics and psychology. He is the one that came with regression and a pioneer in using statistics in a study of living organism. In his study the data sets that he considered consisted was the heights of fathers and first sons. He wanted to find out whether he can predict the height of a son based on the father height. Looking at the scatterplots of these heights, Galton saw that the was relationship which was linear and increasing. After fitting a line to these data using the statistical techniques, he observed that for fathers whose heights were taller than the average, the regression line predicted that taller fathers tended to have shorter sons and shorter fathers tended to have taller sons.PurposesSimple linear regression could be for example be purposefully when we Consider a relationship between weight Y (in kilograms) and height X(in centimeters), where the mean weight at a given height is ?(X) = 2X/4 – 45 for X 100. Because of biological variability, the weight will vary for example, it might be normally distributed with a fixed ? = 4. The difference between an observed weight and mean weight at a given height is referred to as the error for that weight. To discover the relationship which is linear, we could take the weight of three individuals at each height and apply linear regression to model the mean weight as a function of height using a straight line, ?(X) = ?0 + ?1X . The most popular way to estimate the parameters, intercept ?0 and slope ?1 is the least squares estimator, which is derived by differentiating the regression with respect to ?0 and ?1 and solving, Let (xi , y i ) be the Ith pair of X and Y values. The least squares estimator, estimates ?0 and ?1 by minimizing the residual sum of squared errors, SSE = ?(y i – ? i)2, where y i are the observed value and ?i = b0 + b1xi are the estimated regression line points and are called the fitted, predicted or â€Å"hat† values. The estimates are given by b0 = ¯y – b1  ¯x and b1 = SSXX / SSYY, and where  ¯Xand  ¯Y are the means of samples X and Y, SSXX and SSYY being their standard deviation values and r = r(X,Y) being their Pearson correlation coefficient. It is also referred to as Pearson’s r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, is a measure of the linear between two variables X and Y Where X is the independent variable and Y being the Dependant variable as stated above. The Pearson correlation coefficient, r can take a range of values from -1 to +1. A value of 0 suggests that there is no association between the two variables X and Y. A value greater than 0 indicates a positive association that is, as the value of one variable increases, so does the value of the other variable. Before using simple linear regression analysis it is always vital to follow these few steps: Choose an independent variable that is likely to cause the change in the dependent variable Be certain that the past amounts for the independent variable occur in the exact same period as the amount of the dependent variable. Plot the observations on a graph using the y-axis for the dependant variable and the x-axis for the independent variable review the plotted observations for a linear pattern and for any outliers keep in mind that there can be correlation without cause and effect.ImportancesSimple linear regression is considered to be extensively useful in many practical applications and methodologies. Simple linear regression functions by assuming that the variables x and y have a relationship which is linear within the given set of data. As assumptions are and results are interpreted, persons handling the analysing role in a such data will have to be more critical because it has been studied before that there are some variables which inhibit marginal changes to occur while others will not consider being held at a fixed point. Although the concept of linear regression is one complex subject, it still remains to be one of the most vital statistical approaches being used till date. Simple linear regression is important because it has be wildly being used in many biological, behavioural , environmental as well as social sciences. Because of its ability to describe possible relationships between identified variables independent and dependent , it has assisted the fields of epidemiology, finance, economics and trend line in describing significant data that proves to be of essence in the identified fields. More so, simple linear regression is important because it provides an idea of what needs to be anticipated, more specially in controlling and regulating functions involved on some disciplines. Despite the complexity of simple linear aggression, it has proven to be adequately useful in many daily applications of life. How to cite Regression Model, Papers

Charles the Great Charlemagne Essay Example For Students

Charles the Great: Charlemagne Essay By the sword and the cross, Charlemagne (Charles the Great) became master of Western Europe. It was falling into decay when Charlemagne became joint king of the Franks in 768. Except in the monasteries, people had all but forgotten education and the arts. Boldly Charlemagne conquered barbarians and kings alike. By restoring the roots of learning and order, he preserved many political rights and revived culture. Charlemagnes grandfather was Charles Martel, the warrior who crushed the Saracens (see Charles Martel). Charlemagne was the elder son of Bertrade (Bertha Greatfoot) and Pepin the Short, first mayor of the palace to become king of the Franks. Although schools had almost disappeared in the 8th century, historians believe that Bertrade gave young Charles some education and that he learned to read. His devotion to the church became the great driving force of his remarkable life. Charlemagne was tall, powerful, and tireless. His secretary, Eginhard, wrote that Charlemagne had fair hair and a face laughing and merry . . . his appearance was always stately and dignified. He had a ready wit, but could be stern. His tastes were simple and moderate. He delighted in hunting, riding, and swimming. He wore the Frankish dress: linen shirt and breeches, a silk-fringed tunic, hose wrapped with bands, and, in winter, a tight coat of otter or marten skins. Over all these garments he flung a blue cloak, and he always had a sword girt about him. Charlemagnes character was contradictory. In an age when the usual penalty for defeat was death, Charlemagne several times spared the lives of his defeated foes; yet in 782 at Verden, after a Saxon uprising, he ordered 4,500 Saxons beheaded. He compelled the clergy and nobles to reform, but he divorced two of his four wives without any cause. He forced kings and princes to kneel at his feet, yet his mother and his two favorite wives often overruled him in his own household. Charlemagne Begins His Reign In 768, when Charlemagne was 26, he and his brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of the Franks. In 771 Carloman died, and Charlemagne became sole ruler of the kingdom. At that time the northern half of Europe was still pagan and lawless. In the south, the Roman Catholic church was striving to assert its power against the Lombard kingdom in Italy. In Charlemagnes own realm, the Franks were falling back into barbarian ways, neglecting their education and religion. Charlemagne was determined to strengthen his realm and to bring order to Europe. In 772 he launched a 30-year campaign that conquered and Christianized the powerful pagan Saxons in the north. He subdued the Avars, a huge Tatar tribe on the Danube. He compelled the rebellious Bavarian dukes to submit to him. When possible he preferred to settle matters peacefully, however. For example, Charlemagne offered to pay the Lombard king Desiderius for return of lands to the pope, but, when Desiderius refused, Charlemagne seized his kingdom in 773 to 774 and restored the Papal States. The key to Charlemagnes amazing conquests was his ability to organize. During his reign he sent out more than 50 military expeditions. He rode as commander at the head of at least half of them. He moved his armies over wide reaches of country with unbelievable speed, but every move was planned in advance. Before a campaign he told the counts, princes, and bishops throughout his realm how many men they should bring, what arms they were to carry, and even what to load in the supply wagons. These feats of organization and the swift marches later led Napoleon to study his tactics. One of Charlemagnes minor campaigns has become the most famous. In 778 he led his army into Spain to battle the infidel Saracens. On its return, Basques ambushed the rear guard at Roncesvalles, in northern Spain, and killed Count Roland. Roland became a great hero of medieval songs and romances (see Roland). By 800 Charlemagne was the undisputed ruler of Western Europe. His vast realm covered what are now France, Switzerland, Belgium, and The Netherlands. It included half of present-day Italy and Germany, part of Austria, and the Spanish March (border). The broad March reached to the Ebro River. By thus establishing a central government over Western Europe, Charlemagne restored much of the unity of the old Roman Empire and paved the way for the development of modern Europe. Crowned Emperor On Christmas Day in 800, while Charlemagne knelt in prayer in Saint Peters in Rome, Pope Leo III seized a golden crown from the altar and placed it on the bowed head of the king. The throng in the church shouted, To Charles the August, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, long life and victory! Charlemagne is said to have been surprised by the coronation, declaring that he would not have come into the church had he known the popes plan. However, some historians say the pope would not have dared to act without Charlemagnes knowledge. The coronation was the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire. To his Coy Mistress Essay ThesisCharlemagne was determined to strengthen his realm and to bring order to Europe. In 772 he launched a 30-year campaign that conquered and Christianized the powerful pagan Saxons in the north. He subdued the Avars, a huge Tatar tribe on the Danube. He compelled the rebellious Bavarian dukes to submit to him. When possible he preferred to settle matters peacefully, however. For example, Charlemagne offered to pay the Lombard king Desiderius for return of lands to the pope, but, when Desiderius refused, Charlemagne seized his kingdom in 773 to 774 and restored the Papal States. The key to Charlemagnes amazing conquests was his ability to organize. During his reign he sent out more than 50 military expeditions. He rode as commander at the head of at least half of them. He moved his armies over wide reaches of country with unbelievable speed, but every move was planned in advance. Before a campaign he told the counts, princes, and bishops throughout his realm how many men they should bring, what arms they were to carry, and even what to load in the supply wagons. These feats of organization and the swift marches later led Napoleon to study his tactics. One of Charlemagnes minor campaigns has become the most famous. In 778 he led his army into Spain to battle the infidel Saracens. On its return, Basques ambushed the rear guard at Roncesvalles, in northern Spain, and killed Count Roland. Roland became a great hero of medieval songs and romances (see Roland). By 800 Charlemagne was the undisputed ruler of Western Europe. His vast realm covered what are now France, Switzerland, Belgium, and The Netherlands. It included half of present-day Italy and Germany, part of Austria, and the Spanish March (border). The broad March reached to the Ebro River. By thus establishing a central government over Western Europe, Charlemagne restored much of the unity of the old Roman Empire and paved the way for the development of modern Europe. Crowned Emperor On Christmas Day in 800, while Charlemagne knelt in prayer in Saint Peters in Rome, Pope Leo III seized a golden crown from the altar and placed it on the bowed head of the king. The throng in the church shouted, To Charles the August, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, long life and victory! Charlemagne is said to have been surprised by the coronation, declaring that he would not have come into the church had he known the popes plan. However, some historians say the pope would not have dared to act without Charlemagnes knowledge. The coronation was the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire. Though Charlemagne did not use the title, he is considered the first Holy Roman emperor (see Holy Roman Empire). Reform and Renaissance Charlemagne had deep sympathy for the peasants and believed that government should be for the benefit of the governed. When he came to the throne, various local governors, called counts, had become lax and oppressive. To reform them, he expanded the work of investigators, called missi dominici. He prescribed their duties in documents called capitularies and sent them out in teams of twoa churchman and a noble. They rode to all parts of the realm, inspecting government, administering justice, and reawakening all citizens to their civil and religious duties. Twice a year Charlemagne summoned the chief men of the empire to discuss its affairs. In all problems he was the final arbiter, even in church issues, and he largely unified church and state. Charlemagne was a tireless reformer who tried to improve his peoples lot in many ways. He set up money standards to encourage commerce, tried to build a Rhine-Danube canal, and urged better farming methods. He especially worked to spread education and Christianity in every class of people. He revived the Palace School at Aachen, his capital. He set up other schools, opening them to peasant boys as well as nobles. Charlemagne never stopped studying. He brought an English monk, Alcuin, and other scholars to his court. He learned to read Latin and some Greek but apparently did not master writing. At meals, instead of having jesters perform, he listened to men reading from learned works. To revive church music, Charlemagne had monks sent from Rome to train his Frankish singers. To restore some appreciation of art, he brought valuable pieces from Italy. An impressive monument to his religious devotion is the cathedral at Aachen, which he built and where he was buried (see Aachen). At Charlemagnes death in 814 only one of his three sons, Louis, was living. Louiss weak rule brought on the rise of civil wars and revolts. After his death his three quarreling sons split the empire between them by the Partition of Verdun in 843.